Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
Grape-bunch clusters
A
Staph aureus
2
Q
Sensitive to optochin
A
Strep pneumoniae
3
Q
Resistant to optochin
A
Strep viridans
4
Q
Virus causing clumsiness, weakness, vision changes in “recent transplant”
A
JC Virus (causing Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy)
Recent transplant = immunosuppresed
5
Q
Virus in bone marrow transplant patient
A
Adenovirus
6
Q
Fever, malaise, raised ALT in person coming from India
A
Hepatitis A
7
Q
Illness in person who had “transfusion long time ago”
A
Hepatitis C
8
Q
Mutation allowing Spanish Flu and H5N1 to enter humans and mess us up
A
PB2 Mutation
9
Q
Blueberry muffin rash
A
Congenital Rubella Syndrome and CMV
10
Q
Slapped Cheek Syndrome
A
Parvovirus B19 (erythema infectiosum = Fifth Disease)
11
Q
Most common valve affected in endocarditis in IV drug users
A
Tricuspid (valve connecting right atrium to right ventricle)
12
Q
Ischaemic tongue
A
Giant Cell Arteritis
13
Q
Temporal artery biopsy
A
Giant Cell Arteritis
14
Q
Rusty colour sputum
A
Strep pneumonia
Gram +ve diplococci
15
Q
Pneumonia in COPD patients
A
Haemophilus influenzae
Gram -ve cocci
16
Q
Pneumonia after viral infection
A
Staph aureus
Gram +ve grape-bunch clusters (cocci)
17
Q
Pneumonia after old AC system (“hotel room”)
A
Legionella - due to stagnant water
Gram -ve rod
18
Q
Pneumonia with erythema multiforme
A
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
19
Q
Pneumonia from farm animals
A
Coxiella burnetti (Q Fever)
20
Q
Pneumonia after bird exposure
A
Chlamydia psittaci
21
Q
Pneumonia in alcoholic (causes haemoptysis)
A
Klebsiella
Gram -ve rod
22
Q
Bugs after splenectomy
A
Encapsualted organisms = strep pneumonia, haemophilus, neisseria
23
Q
Ground-glass shadowing and “bat’s wing” appearance on CXR
A
Pneumocystis Jirovecii (PCP) Desaturates during 6-min walk test
24
Q
Form of malaria when mosquito injects into blood
A
Sporozite
25
Aedes mosquito causes what?
Dengue (flavivirus)
26
Blanching rash, which looks like "islands of white in sea of red" in recovery phase
Dengue
27
Rose spots
Typhoid
28
Atypical lymphocytosis
Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV)
29
Target-shaped rash with central fading
Lyme Disease (borrelia burgdoferi)
30
Food poisoning from chickens
Campylobacter
31
Bug from cat scratches
Bartonella
32
Bug from unpasteurised milk
Brucellosis
33
Bug from dog bites
Lyssa virus (= rabies)
34
Sight of water causes convulsions and paralysis
Rabies
35
Nematode that pops out when have fever/anaesthetic
Ascaris (most common helminth)
36
Nematode causing protracted eosinophilia
Filariasis
37
Ghon Complex on CXR
```
Latent TB
(Ghon Complex resolves to Ghon Focus = scarring and calcification)
```
38
Sudden-onset flank pain, radiating to groin
Spinal TB
39
Stain used for Acid Fast Bacilli test
Auramine or Ziehl-Neelson
40
Agar used for TB culture
Lowenstein-Jensen medium
41
TB drug causing optic neuritis
Ethambutol
42
TB drug causing lucozade secretions
Rifampicin
43
TB drug causing you to get pregnant on OCP
Rifampicin (increases hepatic metabolism of other drugs)
44
TB drug causing peripheral neuropathy
Isoniazid
45
Fungal infection of lung in AIDS patients
Cryptococcus
46
Halo Sign on chest CT
Aspergillus
47
Air Crescent Sign on chest CT
Aspergillus
48
Antifungal causing nephrotoxic
Polyenes (like Amphotericin B)
49
Antifungal interacts with warfarin
Azole (interacts with human P450 enzymes)
50
Tumbling motility
Listeria
51
India ink stain
Cryptococcus
52
Meningitis bug found in eggs/cheese/mayo
Listeria
53
Gas gangrene in infected wounds
Clostridium pefringens
54
Pneumonia after travelling from abroad (Mexico)
Mycoplasma
55
Bitten by another man. Wound becomes pus and foul-smelling
Anaerobes
56
GI infection after eat reheated rice
Bacillus cereus
| Gram +ve rod
57
GI infection after BBQ
Salmonella enteritidis
58
Rice-water stool
Vibrio cholera
| Gram -ve comma shaped
59
GI infection after Canned and vacuumed foods
Clostridium botulinum
60
GI infection if less than 1 year old eats honey
Clostridium botulinum
61
GI infection after eat refrigerated food (especially sandwiches)
Listeria
| Beta-haemolytic anaerobic Gram +ve rods
62
Traveller's Diarrhoae
ETEC (Enterotoxigenic E. Coli)
63
GI infection after sushi (undercooked seafood)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
64
GI infection with foul-smelling diarrhoae
Campylobacter
| Gram -ve curved
65
GI infection causing cellulitis in shellfish handlers
Vibrio vulnificus
66
GI infection causing Guillan-Barre Syndrome
Campylobacter
| Gram -ve curved
67
Protozoal GI infection causing flask-shaped ulcer
Entamoeba histolytica
68
Protozoal GI infection causing pear-shaped trophozites, foul-smelling stool and flatulence
Giardia lamblia
69
Protozoal GI infection from swimming pools
Cryptosporidium parvum
70
Protozoal GI infection diagnosed using string test
Giardia lamblia
71
Most common diarrhoea in infants
Rotavirus
72
Persistent bone pain, with chronic overlying infection (diabetic ulcers)
Osteomyelitis
73
Pulvinar Sign on MRI
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
| - seen in young only
74
Cause of UTI in young women
Staph saprophyticus
75
Organism causing staghorn calculi
Proteus mirabilis (causes recurrent UTI)
76
Clue cells on microscopy
Bacterial vaginosis
77
STI with thin white vaginal discharge
Trichomonas vaginalis
78
GUM disease caused by excessive douching
Bacterial vaginosis
79
Chocolate agar medium used to diagnose this STI
Chancroid = haemophilus ducreyi
80
Whiff Test
Bacterial vaginosis (get fishy smell when add hydrogen peroxide to sample)
81
What causes Roseola Infantum?
HHV6
82
Long-term prophylactic treatment for post-splenectomy patients
Penicillin V
83
Returned from Mediterranean with undulant fever
Brucellosis
84
Ulcerating papule, with necrotic centre. Gram +ve rods, responds to penicillin
Bacillus anthracis
85
Itchy, scaly rash on soles of feet -- what fungi?
Trichophytum rubrum
86
Neutrophilia with visible toxic granulation and vacuoles on the blood film
Acute fungal infection
87
Gomori's methenamine silver stain shows "flying saucer" cysts on microscopy
Pneumocystis Jirovecii
88
Bug in refrigerated food and unpasteurised milk
Listeria monocytogenes
89
Stomach bug causing anaemia and thrombocytopaenia
E. coli 0157 - causes HUS:
1. Haemolytic anaemia
2. Uraemia (AKI)
3. Thrombocytopaenia
90
Microscopic agglutination test positive
Leptospira interrogans
- Zoonosis
- Non-specific symptoms --> meningitis and liver failure
91
Thayer-Martin VCN medium
Neisseria meningitides
92
Painless ulcer on genitals which self-heal
Lymphogranuloma venereum
93
Cause of lymphogranuloma venereum
Chlamydia trachomatis
94
Important side effect of ganciclovir
Bone marrow toxicity (so can give G-CSF with it)
95
Mechanism of action for aciclovir?
Converted to acyclo-GNP by viral thymidine kinase
- -> phosphorylated to acyclo-GTP
- ->acyclo-GTP incorporated into viral DNA strand, termination DNA chain, stopping DNA polymerase from working
96
Fever and cough --> haemolytic anaemia, +ve for cold agglutinins
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
97
Moderate leg pain -- X-Ray: a well defined ovoid shape with a surrounding sclerotic margin but little involucrum in his tibia
Brodie's abscess = subacute osteomyelitis, which can persist for years
98
"Recently started working at farm"
Brucellosis
99
Main cause of meningitis in:
1. Neonates
2. Kids
3. Adolescents
1. E coli and GBS
2. Strep pneumoniae!
3. Neisseria meningitidis
100
Most common Hepatitis in IVDU
Hep B
101
Hepatitis associated with old blood transfusions
Hep C
102
UTI always associated with functional/anatomical abnormalities of the renal tract. Also causes cavitating pneumonia.
Klebsiella
103
Causes haemorrhagic cystitis in children
Adenovirus
104
Dyspnoea after exposed to "building work"
Aspergillus fumigatus
105
Gram +ve cocci in chains, which grew on MacConkey plate and was aesculin-positive. Resistant to the conventional anti-streptococcal antibiotics.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
106
Seen in burns victims. Gram -ve bacilli that produced a green pigment and was oxidase-positive
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
107
Hypopigmented spots in dark skin/hyperpigmented in light skin
--> microscopy with KOH shows "spaghetti with meatballs" appearance
Pityriasis versicolour = Malassezia
108
Stain used for Pneumocystis jirovecii
Gomori's methenamine silver stain
109
Malaria causing a fever every 4 days (quartan malaria)
Plasmodium malariae
110
Malaria causing a fever every day (quotidian malaria)
Plasmodium knowlesi
| -all other malarias cause fever every 3 days
111
Malaria originating in SE Asia (not Africa)
Plasmodium knowlesi
112
Form of malaria that is injected into blood
Sporozite
113
Form of malaria that invades RBCs
Merozite
114
Maurer's Clefts seen in thin blood film
Plasmodium falciparum
115
Schuffner's Dots seen in thin blood film
Plasmodium vivax and ovale
116
Diarrhoea, vomiting and smelly burps
Giardia Lamblia
117
Stool shows cysts and “tear-drop” shaped trophozoites
Giardia Lamblia
118
Neonate with recurrent seizures and intracranial calcification
Congenital toxoplasmosis
119
STI which is gram negative oxidase positive diplococci
Neisseria gonorrhoea
120
STI which cannot be grown on agar, but can be grown on tissue medium
Chlamydia trachomatis
121
Girl with diarrhoea -- duodenal biopsy shows motile trophozites and partial villous atrophy
Giardia lamblia
| Treatment: metronidazole
122
Influenza binds to what on target cells?
Sialic acid
123
The receptor binding and membrane fusion glycoprotein of influenza virus
Haemagluttinin
124
What part of influenza allows it to leave the target cell?
Neuraminidase
125
Bacteria which lack cell wall
Mycoplasma
126
Route for C. diff meds
Oral!
127
Newborn ashen grey, vomiting, haemodynamically unstable after taking this antibiotic
Chloramphenicol --> causes Grey Baby Syndrome
128
Used to treat contacts of meningococcal
Rifampicin
129
Antibiotic mechanism: bind to transpeptidases --> inhibits peptidoglycan layer formation
Beta-lactams
130
Antibiotic mechanism: binds to amino acids in peptidoglycan --> prevents glycosidic bonds and peptide cross-links
Glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin)
131
Antibiotic mechanism: binds to 30s ribosomal subunit --> prevents peptide elongation
Aminoglycosides = end in –cin (gentamicin, tobramycin)
132
Antibiotic mechanism: binds to 30s ribosomal subunit --> prevents tRNA binding
Tetracyclines
133
Antibiotic mechanism: bind to 50S ribosomal subunit --> inhibit ribosomal translocation and association of peptidyl-tRNA to amino acids
Macrolides
134
Antibiotic mechanism: binds to 23S component of the 50S subunit --> prevent formation 70S initiation complex (necessary for translation)
Oxazolidinones = end in –zolid (linezolid)
135
Antibiotic mechanism: inhibit DNA gyrase --> prevent DNA unwinding and replicating
Fluoroquinolones = end in –floxacin (ciprofloxacin)
136
Antibiotic mechanism: breaks DNA strand in anaerobic conditions
Nitroimidazoles = end in –idazole (metronidazole)
137
Severe diabetic with facial pain and black nasal discharge --> need urgent surgical debridement
Mucormycosis (inhale Mucor/Rhizopus species)
138
Infection causing "owl's eyes" appearance in cells
CMV
139
Flagellate protozoan that can cross placenta
Toxoplasmosis
140
STI that can cross placenta in third trimester
Syphilis
141
This suggests contamination of urine sample
Epithelial cells on microscopy
142
Cause of erysipelas (well-demarcated lesions on skin, with rigors/fevers)
Group A Strep
143
Non-healing skin lesion in Afghanistani
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
144
Cause of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease
EBV
145
Erythema migrans
Target lesion in Lyme Disease
146
Malaria drug against organisms in blood
ACT (artemisin)
147
Malaria drug against organisms in liver
Primaquine
148
Granuloma with central necrosis
TB
149
Measles belongs to which class of virus?
Paramyxovirus
150
Ring-enhancing lesions on CT Head in immunodeficient
Toxoplasmosis
| Treatment: pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine
151
Fundoscopy: retina looks like "pizza pie"
CMV Retinitis
152
What do beta-lactams bind to?
Transpeptidase
153
Antibiotic class causing photosensitivity
Tetracyclines (doxycycline in acne!)
154
Can be used for the treatment of influenza A, but does not work against influenza B
Amantadine
155
Hep B surface antigen (HBsAg)
Current infection
156
Hep B “e antigen” (HBeAg)
High infectivity
157
Hep B core antibody (anti-HBc)
Previous infection (c = caught)
158
Hep B surface antibody (anti-HBs)
Immunity
159
Anti-HBc AND anti-HBs
Immune due to infection
160
Only anti-HBs
Immune due to vaccine
161
Treatment of Hep B
PEGinterferon-a and tenofovir
162
Treatment of Hep C
PEGinterferon and ribavirin
163
Treatment of Hep E
Ribavirin
164
Type of vaccine: MMR
Live attenuated
165
Type of vaccine: influenza, polio
Inactivated
166
Type of vaccine: Hep B, HPV
Subunit
167
Type of vaccine: HiB
Conjugate
168
Diagnosis toxoplasmosis in pregnancy
T. gondii DNA in amniotic fluid (PCR)
169
Treatment toxoplasmosis in pregnancy (<18 weeks)
Spiramycin
170
Treatment toxoplasmosis in pregnancy (>18 weeks)
Pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine + calcium folinate
171
Definition of severe falciparum
Parasitaemia >2%
172
Treatment of mild falciparum
ACT = Artemisinin Combination Therapy
173
Treatment of severe falciparum
IV artesunate --> oral ACT
174
Treatment of non-falciparum
Chloroquine (3 days) + primaquine (14 days)
175
Treatment of typhoid
```
IV ceftriaxone (2g OD)
--> azithromycin 500mg BD for 7 days
```
176
Most common cause of adult-onset epilepsy
Cysticercosis
177
Treatment of Cysticercosis
Praziquantel and steroids
178
Treatment of hydatids
PAIR (drainage of cysts) --> long-term praziquantel
179
Medium used to culture fungi
CHROMagar Candida medium, with Pal’s agar
180
Assay used for fungi serology
βD Glucan Assay
181
Treatment of empirical fungi/non-Candida albicans
Echinicandin (e.g. anidulafungin)
182
Treatment of organ-based fungal disease
Ambisome = IV fluconazole/amphotericin B
183
Diagnosis of cryptococcus
Cryptococcal antigen in blood/CSF
184
Treatment of cryptococcus
3 weeks of amphotericin B + flucytosine
185
Fungi use this compound in their cell membranes
Ergosterol (targeted by azoles and polyenes)
186
If >50/immunocompromised, what do you add to treatment of meningitis and encephalitis?
IV amoxicillin 2g 4hourly (covers listeria)
187
Polymorphism associated with Prion Disease
MM polymorphism on codon 129 on Prion gene
188
Brain histology shows spongiform vacuolation
CJD
189
Treatment of complicated UTI
Cefalexin
190
Treatment of cryptococcus
Amphotericin B
191
Treatment of giardia
Metronidazole 400mg TDS for 5 days
192
TB drug causing gout and arthralgia
Pyrazinamide
193
Treatment C. diff
Mild-moderate: metronidazole
| Severe: vancomycin
194
Conjunctivitis and erythematous, coalescing rash
Rubella
195
Gram+ cocci, catalase +ve and coagulase +ve
Staph aureus
196
Gram- cocci, maltose fermenter
Neisseria meningitidis
197
Smear from the genital ulcer base is positive to dark-field examination
Treponema pallidum (syphillis)
198
Genital ulcer and matted inguinal lymph nodes with abscess/sinus formation
Lymphogranuloma venereum (chlamydia)
199
Milky urethral discharge in man
Gonorrhoea
200
Stain used for H. pylori
Giemsa stain
201
Comma-shaped Gram-ve causing diarrhoea
Vibrio cholera
202
Gram negative rod which turns MacConkey agar red
E. coli
203
Cause of cutaenous leishmaniasis
Leishmania major
204
Normal CSF ranges
WBCs 0-5
Protein 0.15-0.40
Glucose 2.2-3.3
205
Definition of low CSF glucose
CSF glucose less than 2/3 of serum glucose
206
Bartonella in immunocompromised
Bacillary angiomatosis
207
Viral thymidine kinase converts aciclovir to what?
Aciclovir monophosphate
208
What form of aciclovir inhibits the action of viral DNA polymerase?
Aciclovir triphosphate
209
Atypical bug specific for CF
Burkholderia cepacia
210
Long-term prophylactic treatment for post-splenectomy patients
Penicillin V
211
STI presents as a shallow painful ulcer, sometimes progressing to a lymphadenopathy
Chancroid
