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Next Generation Exam 2 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

High estrogen/progesterone predisposes to infection. (choose one)

A

Progesterone

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2
Q

Why are UTIs more common in females than males?

A

Males have a long urethra that protects against retrograde infections of prostate

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3
Q

What is balanoposthitis?

A

Inflammation of the penis and/or prepuce

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4
Q

Which bacteria can cause balanoposthitis? 3 answers

A

Corynebacterium renale (most common), also Trueperella pyogenes +/- Mycoplasma spp.

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5
Q

What is the gram reaction and morphology of C. renale?

A

Gram positive rods

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6
Q

Where do C. renale normally live? (source of infection)

A

Commensal on genital tract of carrier males; also skin and mucous membranes

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7
Q

What is the disease called that C. renale causes?

A

Pizzle rot in sheep

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8
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Pizzle Rot in sheep?

A

Increased protein in diet -> increased urea in urine -> C. renale produces urease which breaks down urea to ammonia -> ammonia causes irritation of skin of preputial opening +/- penis -> C. renale invades damaged epithelium & causes ulcerative lesions

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9
Q

What is the most common route of infection for orchitis? What about epididymitis?

A

Orchitis = mostly hematogenous

Epididymitis = mostly ascending from urogenital tract (esp. younger animals)

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10
Q

What species is most commonly affected by orchitis/epididymitis?

A

Rams

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11
Q

What are the most common bacteria associated with orchitis & epididymitis? 3 answers.

A

Brucella spp., Actinobacillus seminis, & Histophilus somni in young rams

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12
Q

Which bacteria can cause prostatitis in dogs? (Hint: same ones that cause cystitis) 4 answers

A
  1. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (most common)
  2. E. coli (& Proteus, Klebsiella)
  3. B-hemolytic Streptococcus (S. canis)
  4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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13
Q

What is the best way to correctly diagnose prostatitis in dogs? (Besides using ultrasound)

A

Submit prostatic tissue samples (FNA or biopsy) for cytology and/or culture

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14
Q

What is the treatment of choice for prostatitis in dogs?

A

Fluoroquinolones or TMS for long period of time

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15
Q

In which species does seminal vesiculitis and which bacteria are most commonly involved?

A

Bulls; Trueperella pyogenes & Leptospira hardjo (host-adapted to cattle)

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16
Q

What disease is the most common cause of inflammatory cells detected during semen examination of bulls?

A

Seminal vesiculitis

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17
Q

In what species and what time is endometritis most significant?

A

Mares; post-mating

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18
Q

What is the most common isolate associated with endometritis in mares?

A

Strep equi ss zooepidemicus

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19
Q

What are the best methods for diagnosing endometritis in mares?

A

Guarded swab or biopsy

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20
Q

What is metritis?

A

Inflammation of the entire wall of the uterus

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21
Q

What is the most common pathogen involved in pyometra in cattle?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

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22
Q

How do you diagnose pyometra in cows?

A

Metricheck device

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23
Q

What age & stage of the estrous cycle does pyometra usually occur in dogs?

A

Middle aged to older bitches during diestrus

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24
Q

What pathology of the uterus in the bitch may be occurring concurrently with the pyometra?

A

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia (CEH)

25
What is the most common pathogen causing pyometra in dogs?
E. coli
26
What is the best method for diagnosing pyometra in bitches?
FNA of surgical sample
27
Why do some dogs with pyometra present as being pu/pd?
E. coli endotoxin interferes with action of ADH on renal tubules -> medullary washout & isosthenuria
28
What is the preferred method for diagnosing Brucella canis in dogs?
Culture of blood and/or semen; better to have 3 negative cultures before ruling out due to intermittent shedding
29
What is the only Brucella species that is not zoonotic? Which animal species does it infect?
B. ovis; sheep only
30
Which species is most commonly infected by Brucella abortis?
Cattle
31
Which species are most commonly infected by Brucella melitensis?
Sheep and goats
32
Which species is most commonly infected by Brucella suis?
Pigs
33
How are Brucella transmitted? 2 answers
Primarily via direct contact with infected/carrier animals and fomites (contaminated feed/water).
34
What are the 4 routes of infection of Brucella spp?
Ingestion (milk/licking placenta or genitalia), exposure of mucosal surfaces, venereal (intermittent shedding by males), & congenital
35
Which pathogen is a gram negative rod (coccobacilli), strict aerobe, oxidase positive, and is phagocytosed by macrophages before being taken to regional lymph nodes and disseminated hematogenously?
Brucella spp.
36
Brucella proliferate best in cells with high levels of what? (Hint: these cells are in the placenta)
Erythritol
37
How long can Brucella be shed for after abortion?
Up to 6 weeks post abortion
38
What 3 specific diseases does Brucella abortus cause?
1. Abortion in cows 2. Epididymitis & orchitis in bulls 3. Fistulous withers & poll evil in horses
39
Are Brucella spp. more likley to cause abortion in early or late gestation?
Late gestation
40
What specific diseases does Brucella canis cause in dogs? (Multiple answers, do your best)
1. Canine abortion (>50 d.), infertility in bitches & sick pups 2. Epididymitis, sperm abnormalities, & infertility in dogs 3. Systemic dissemination common -> prostatitis, meningoencephalitis, diskospondylitis, etc.)
41
What specific diseases does Brucella suis cause in pigs? 3 answers
1. Abortion in sows 2. Epididymitis & orchitis in boars 3. Disseminated infections (spondylitis, arthritis, etc.; more common than B. abortus)
42
What specific diseases does Brucella ovis cause in sheep? 3 answers
1. Mostly epididymitis in rams 2. Abortion in ewes (rare & late term) 3. Decreased flock fertility rates
43
What species is the most severe of the zoonotic Brucella infections?
Brucella melitensis
44
What species is the most severe of the zoonotic Brucella infections?
Brucella melitensis (esp. problem w/ goat cheese in Mexico & SW U.S.)
45
T/F: Brucellosis is a notifiable disease (except B. canis; although varies by state).
True
46
How are Brucella infections treated in ruminants & pigs?
Tx not allowed; Policy of test & slaughter b/c difficult to tx
47
How are Brucella infections treated in ruminants & pigs?
Tx not allowed; Policy of test & slaughter b/c difficult to treat
48
How are Brucella infections treated in dogs?
Combination therapy of high dose Doxycycline & Enrofloxacin for multiple courses; also recommended to spay/castrate dog too
49
Leptospira is most likely to cause abortion in cattle in early or late stage gestation?
Late gestation (7-8 months)
50
What 2 campylobacter spp. cause reproductive tract disorders in sheep & goats?
1. C. jejuni 2. C. fetus ssp. fetus
51
What is the most common Campylobacter species causing reproductive tract disorders in cattle?
C. fetus ssp. venerealis
52
What is the primary mode of transmission of C. jejuni & C. fetus ssp. fetus in sheep & goats? (sometimes cattle)
Ingestion by feco-oral route or may invade through GIT & cause septicemia w/ subsequent localization in repro tract
53
What is the primary mode of transmission of C. fetus ssp. venerealis in cattle?
Bulls to cows during breeding or by AI (less common)
54
How is Campylobacter fetus ssp. venerealis diagnosed?
Culture or PCR
55
T/F: C. fetus ssp. venerealis is carried in male repro tract and bulls are often asymptomatic.
True
56
What 2 specific diseases does Campylobacter fetus ssp. venerealis cause in cattle?
Infertility & sporadic abortion
57
What specific disease does Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus cause primarily in sheep and less commonly in goats, cattle, & pigs?
Abortion (can also see placentitis)
58
What 2 specific diseases does Listeria monocytogenes cause in ruminants?
Late-term abortion & neonatal septicemia; May see "milk spots" on liver

Next Generation Exam 2 (2 decks)

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