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MP321 > microbiology > Flashcards

microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

ectoparasites

A

head lice, scabies, ticks, fleas; parasite that lives on the exterior of its host

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2
Q

head lice (pediculus humanus capitis)

A

wingless insects, transferred by hair-hair contact, treated by combing or lotions (hedrin)

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3
Q

scabies (sarcoptes scabei)

A

small mites that burrow into skin, contagious and cause allergic reaction like symptoms; itchy pimple-like rash
treatment: permethrin, ivermectin

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4
Q

ticks

A

live on skin and feed off blood
transmit lyme disease, typhus
removed with tweezers

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5
Q

fleas

A

wingless insects that can jump, eggs may stay in carpets for a week
transmit typhus (rickettsia bacteria)

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6
Q

mosquitoes transmit

A

malaria, dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, elphantiasis

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7
Q

sandfly transmits

A

leishmania which is a protozoal infection

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8
Q

tsetse fly

A

transmits trypanosoma which resides in blood and enters CNS causing neuronal damage and causing sleeping sickness

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9
Q

reduvid bug

A

chagas disease (trypanosoma)

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10
Q

simulum fly

A

onchocerciasis (river blindness)

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11
Q

endoparasites

A

parasites which live inside a host and inhabit the gut, lungs, heart and blood vessels

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12
Q

roundworms (nematodes)

A

intestinal nematodes:
cause diarrhoea, itch and anaemia
required orally or transmitted through faeces
extraintestinal nematodes:
trinchinella - present in infected meat and cysts in muscle

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13
Q

tapeworms

A

cestodes: flat segmented worms with both female and male organs

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14
Q

echonococcus granulosus

A

worms found in the gut of dogs
eggs release larvae in gut causing cysts in liver that can burst

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15
Q

pork tapeworm (taenia solium)

A

pigs are infected from ingesting human faeces - humans ingest uncooked pork
eggs are released in duodenum
larvae are carried in blood to CNS and become encysted (cysticercosis) causing pain and neurological problems - epilepsy

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16
Q

flukes (multicellular treatodes)

A

reside in blood (veins), guts, lungs
eggs become encysted in the liver, bladder, lungs, CNS
causing schistosomiasis

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17
Q

liver fluke (fasciola hepatica)

A

penetrates through colon wall and goes to liver via hepatic portal vein
causes cirrhosis/liver damage which induces jaundice

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18
Q

protozoal infections

A

single celled (eukaryotic) parasites which asexually reproduce inside human host
can be extracellular or intracellular
can be ingested or transmitted by blood transfusion, open wounds in aqueous environments, injected by ectoparasites in a blood meal

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19
Q

waterborne protozoal infections

A

giardia lamblia: causes GI upset and diarrhoea
Entamoeba histolytica: causes severe bloody diarrhoea and abscesses in brain
trichomonas: sexually transmitted disease, infects urinogenital tract causing vaginitis

20
Q

insect-borne protozoal infections

A

Trypanosoma: transmitted by tsetse fly, extracellular and resides in blood
leishmania: transmitted by sandfly resides in macrophages causing skin sores and lysis of WBC
toxoplasmosis: from cat faeces, may cause foetal damage and schizophrenia

21
Q

malaria

A

mosquito borne protozoal infection
plasmodium infection, untreated it results in cyclic fever/chills and destruction of RBC

22
Q

life cycle of malaria

A

sporozoite is injected into human by mosquito and moves to liver forming a cyst which bursts open from hepatocytes releasing merozoites which infect RBC
they hoover up nutrients then burst cell - causing anaemia
releasing secretory granules/process haemoglobin - causing fever

23
Q

viruses

A

parasites, non-living, hijack cellular process and produce virally encoded proteins and replicate genetic material
cannot reproduce asexually require host

24
Q

viruses and their route of transmission

A
  • polio/hepatitis A: faecal/oral route
  • rabies: bite of infected animal
  • herpes/HPV/HepB/HIV: sexually transmitted
  • ebola: all body fluids/tissues
  • ifluenza/colds/MMR: respiratory
  • yellow fever/dengue fever/chikungunya: insect vectors
25
Q

prion disease

A

prion protein disease - rare, fatal neurodegenerative disease
protein misfolding disease
clinically characterised by dementia and ataxia(staggering gait)
pathology characterised by neuronal loss, gliosis and spongiform change in brain

26
Q

PrPc (cellular prion protein)

A
  • normal cellular isoform
  • monomeric and soluble
  • protease sensitive
    neuroprotective against oxidative stress
27
Q

PrPsc (disease-specific protein)

A
  • disease associated isoform
  • aggregated and insoluble
  • partially protease resistant
  • infectious and toxic:
    act as template to fold normal proteins into abnormal shape making them toxic
28
Q

eukaryotes

A
  • large cells
  • organelle present
  • multiple linear chromosomes
  • some have cell walls (fungi)
29
Q

prokaryotes

A
  • small cells
  • organelles absent
  • 1 circular chromosome + plasmid
  • cells walls (bacteria)
30
Q

types growth media

A
  • peptone (proteins)
  • lactose (carbohydrates)
  • bile salts + crystal violet (inhibit gram + bacteria)
  • neutral red (pH indicator)
31
Q

bacteria that use lactose

A

E. coli, Klebsiella
turn lactose into lactic acid
lowering pH
red colonies formed with surrounding precipitated bile salts causing haziness

32
Q

bacteria that do not use lactose

A

Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
use peptone which forms ammonia
causes higher pH
yellow medium agar and colourless colonies

33
Q

gram + bacteria structure

A
  • peptidoglycan layers
  • cytoplasmic membrane
34
Q

gram - bacteria structure

A
  • lipopolysaccharides
  • cytoplasmic membrane (outer)
  • peptidoglycan layers
  • cytoplasmic membrane (inner)
35
Q

porins

A

found in gram negative bacteria outer membrane and let small hydrophilic molecules go through

36
Q

gram - cocci

A
  • staphylococcus aureus
  • streptococcus pyogenes
  • enterococcus faecalis
37
Q

gram - cocci

A
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
38
Q

gram + rods

A
  • clostridium difficile
  • clostridium botulinum
  • clostridium perfringens
  • clostridium tetani
39
Q

gram - rods

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
40
Q

mycobacteria

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis - TB
mycobacterium avium complex - TB like pulmonary infection in immunocompromised patients
mycobacterium Leprae - leprosy

41
Q

symptoms of TB

A
  • appetite loss
  • fatigue
  • chest pain
  • coughing up blood
  • productive prolonged cough
  • night sweats
  • pallor
42
Q

pathogens with capsules

A

gram - bacteria:
- E.coli
- Klebsiella pneumonia
- haemophilus influenzae (rod)
- neisseria meningitidis
gram + bacteria:
- streptococcus pyogenes
- streptococcus pneumoniae
fungi:
Cryptococcus neoformans

43
Q

bacteria with endospores

A
  • all clostridium species
  • bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
  • bacillus cereus (food poisoning)
44
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

gram + rod
pseudomembranous colitis -
diarrhoea, abdominal pain
usually following antibiotic treatment and changes in normal gut flora

45
Q

fungi

A

yeasts (unicellular)
moulds (multicellular)
structure: proteins, beta-glucans, chitin, cytoplasmic membrane (ergosterol)

46
Q

yeasts

A

candida albicans - oral/genital infections
Cryptococcus neoformans - meningitis

47
Q

moulds

A

aspergillus - aspergillosis
aflatoxin - liver cancer

MP321 (11 decks)

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