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ICS > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes or is capable of causing disease

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2
Q

What is a commensal?

A

an organism which colonises the host but causes no disease in normal circumstances

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3
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

A microbe which only causes diseases if its host organism is compromised

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4
Q

Define pathogenicity/ virulence

A

The degree to which a given organism is pathogenic

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5
Q

Does microbacteria stain with gram?

A

No

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6
Q

What is the stain of gram positive

A

Purple

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7
Q

What is the stain of gram negative

A

Red

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8
Q

Name G+ coccus chain bacteria family

A

Streptococcus

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9
Q

Name G+ coccus cluster bacteria family

A

Staphylococcus

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10
Q

Name a G+ coccus pair bacteria family

A

Enterococcus

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11
Q

What type of bacteria is staphlococcus?

A

Gram postive coccus cluster

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12
Q

What type of bacteria is streptococcus?

A

Gram positive cocus chains

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13
Q

What type of bacteria is enterococcus?

A

G+ coccus pair

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14
Q

What type of bacteia is s. pyogenes?

A

Group A, beta haemolytic streptococci (G+ cocci chains)

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15
Q

What type of bacteria is s. pneuomiae

A

G+ streptococcus (coccus chain), alpha haemolysis- optochin sensitive

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16
Q

What type of bacteria is s. aureus?

A

G+ staphlococcus (coccus cluster), coagulase test positive

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17
Q

What is the test used to distinguis between staphlococcus classes

A

Coagulase test

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18
Q

Name the bacteria which is G+, cluster coccus and is coagulase test positve

A

S. aureus
- Impetigo, endocarditisis and septiciemia

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19
Q

Name 2 bacteria which are G+, cluster coccus and are coagulase test negative

A

S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus

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20
Q

Is S. aureus coagulase positive or negative?

A

Positive

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21
Q

Which test is used to differentiate between streptococcus members

A

Haeomolysis on blood agar

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22
Q

What is the colour of beta haemolysis of streptococcus and an example

A

It is complete lysis forming yellow/ transparent agar
S. pyogenes

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23
Q

What is the colour of alpha haemolysis of streptococcus

A

It is partial lysis (greening) and is dark green on agar plate

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24
Q

Is S. pneumoniae optochin test sensitive or resistent

A

Sensitive

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25
Q

Give an example of alpha- haemolysis of streptococcus

A

Viridans strept
S. pneuomoniae

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26
Q

Is S. pnueomoniae staphlococcus or streptococcus?

A

Streptococcus

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27
Q

Name 3 types of bacteria in the staphlococcus family

A

S. aureus
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus

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28
Q

Name 2 members of viridans strep (optochin resistant)

A

S. sanguinis and S. oralis in infective endocarditis

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29
Q

Name 4 types of bacteria in the streptococcus family

A

S. pyogenes - alpha haemolysis a antigen group
S. agalactiae - alpha haemolysis b antigen group
S. pneuomoniae - optochin sensitive -beta haemolysis
S. sanguinis - viridans strep - b haemolysis
S. oralis - viridans strep - b haemolysis

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30
Q

Name 3 types of G+ aerobic bacilli bacteria

A
  1. Listeria monocytogenes
  2. Bacillus anthracis
  3. Coryne bacterium diphtheriae
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31
Q

Name 3 types of G+ anaerobic bacilli bacteria

A

Clostridia
1. C. difficile
2. C. tetani
3. C. botulinum

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32
Q

What type of bacteria is N. gonorrhoea and N. menigitidis?

A

Gram negitive cocci

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33
Q

Give another example of gram negative coccus

A

N. gonorrhoea and N. menigitidis
M.catarrhalis

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34
Q

Is shingella lactose or non-lactose fermenting

A

non-lactose fermenting

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35
Q

Wht test is used to distinguis between salmonella and shingella

A

serum H antigen (shingella is H-)

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36
Q

What type of bacteria is E.coli?

A

G-, lactose fermenting bacteria with simple growth conditons bacillus aerobic

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37
Q

What type of bacteria is K. pnuemoniae?

A

G-, lactose fermenting bacteria with simple growth conditions bacillus

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38
Q

Give an example of lactose fermenting gram negative bacillus

A

E. coli and K. pneuomonia

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39
Q

What type of bacteria is salmonella

A

Gram negative, aerobic, non-lactose fermenting bacillus aerobic

40
Q

What type of agar plate is used for parvobacteria and H. pylori

A

Choc agar

41
Q

What is parvobacteria and give 2 examples?

A

G-, aeorbic bacilli with fastidious growth condions
haemophillic influenza, brucella, campylobacter jejuni, bordatella pertussus, legionella pnuemophillia

42
Q

Give a specific example of salmonella bacteria

A

S. enterica
S. typhi
S. paratyphi

43
Q

Give an example of Shingella

A

S. dysenteriae

44
Q

What colour is lactose fermenting bacteria on MacConkey

A

Pink - e.coli

45
Q

What type of bacteria is H. pylori

A

G-, bacillus with fastidious growth conditions - aerobic

46
Q

What colour is non-lactose fermenting bacteria on MacConkey agar

A

Pale pink- salmonella, shingella, p. mirabilis

47
Q

What test is used for mycobacteria?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen test

48
Q

Name differences between G- and G+ bacteria

A

G+: thick peptidoglycan
G- : thin peptidoglycan

G+: no LPS
G-: LPS

G+ exotoxin
G- endotoxin

49
Q

Give an example of a mycobacteria

A

m. tubercolosis
m. leprae

50
Q

Summarise properties of mycobacteria

A

Slow growing, aerobic, acid fast, non-spore forming, non motile bacilli

51
Q

What stain is used for mycobacteria

A

Ziehl-Neelson stain

52
Q

What is the positve staining result for mycobacteria

A

Red with ziehl-neelson stain (Alcohol and acid fast bacteria)

53
Q

What makes mycobacteria resistant to gram staining

A

High lipid content in cell wall (mycolic acid)

54
Q

What is the general speed onset of diseases caused by mycobacteria?

A

Gradual onset due to slow =growing bacterium

55
Q

What are the diagnostic tests used for TB

A

-PCR nucleic acid test: rapid, from sputum analysis
-Tuberculin skin test: tests the immune response (t memory cells) as a diagnostic test

56
Q

Differences between yeast and mould

A

Yeast: small, unicellular, reproduce asexually by budding

Mould: multicellular hyphae, reproduce via spores

57
Q

Example of a yeast and of a mould

A

Yeast: candidiasis (c. glabrata = thrush)
Mould: aspergillus

58
Q

3 examples of fungal infection

A

athletes foot (tinea pedia)
vulvovaginal candidiasis
nappy rash

59
Q

Main class of treatment for fungal infections

A

Azoles: eg fluconazole

60
Q

Define a virus

A

Is an infectious, obligate intracellular parasite

(completely dependent on living cells for their replication and existance)

61
Q

What type of bacteria is staphlococcus?

A

G+ coccus clusters

62
Q

What type of bacteia is s. pyogenes?

A

G+ streptococcus (coccus chains) aerobic beta haemolytic antigen A

63
Q

What are the properties of a virus?

A

No organelles, DNA AND RNA, cell wall
Not alive
Dependent on host cell
Genetic material covered by protein capsule

64
Q

How are virus’ genetic material stored?

A

In protein capsule/ membrane

65
Q

What is the name given to viruses outside their host cells?

A

Virions

66
Q

Describe the process of viral replication

A
  1. Attachement onto a specific receptor
  2. Entry into cell
  3. Host cell/ virus interaction and replication
  4. Translation of viral RNA
  5. Virion assembly
  6. Release of new virus particles
67
Q

Name the 5 ways in which a virus can cause disease and an example for each

A

Direct destruction of host cell - HIV, polio
Over-reaction of immune system - rotavirus
Modification of immune system - Het B
Evasion of host defences - varicella zoster virus
Damage through cell proliferation- HPV

68
Q

What is the primary infection and reactivation of varicella zoster virus?

A

PI- chicken pox
2nd- shingles/ herpes zoster

69
Q

What does epstien barr virus cause?

A

mononucleosis (glandular fever)

70
Q

How many viruses are apart of the verpesviridae family?

A

8 herpesviruses

71
Q

What does s.pyogenes cause?

A

Scarlet fever-
Strep throart
Impetigo

72
Q

What is primary vaccine failure?

A

Persone doesnt develop immunity from vaccine

73
Q

What is seconday vaccine failure?

A

Person initially develops immunity but it wanes after time

74
Q

Give examples of notifiable diseases

A

Rubella, mumps, measels, diphtheria, leprosy, malaria

75
Q

What is the Ddx to epstein barr virus?

A

s. pyogenes -> white/ yellow pusulent over tonsils

76
Q

How to diagnose EBV?

A

black charcoal swab- exclude s. pyogenes
FBC- atypical lymphocytes
EBV serology - elisa
and PCR

77
Q

What are the 2 main techniques used to diagnose viruses?

A

PCR and serology (eg elisa/ immunofluorescent)

78
Q

What colour is the diagnostic swab for bacteria and viruses

A

black and green respectively

79
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Drugs that work by bindign to a target site in bacteria

80
Q

What are the main 4 classes of antibiotics?

A

Cell wall synthesis
Nucleic acid synthesis
Protein synthesis
Folate synthesis

81
Q

What are the 2 groups of cell wall synthesis antibiotics?

A

Beta lactans and glycopeptides

82
Q

Give examples of beta lactan antibiotics

A

penicillin
- flucloxacillin
- amoxicillin
- co-amoxiclav

cephalosporins
-cefuroxime
- cefotaxime

carbapenems (meropenem)

83
Q

What is vancomycin?

A

glycopeptide cell wall synthesis AB
Uses: G+ bacteria w pen allergy or resistance/ MRSA/ enterococci

84
Q

What is vancomycin?

A

glycopeptide cell wall synthesis AB
Uses: G+ bacteria w pen allergy or resistance/ MRSA/ enterococci

85
Q

What is the antibiotic given for s. aureus?

A

Flucloxacillin

86
Q

What is the antibiotic given for strep throat and which bacteria may cause this

A

PO (oral) penicillin
Group A, C, G strep

87
Q

What antibiotic is given for pneumonia (s. pneumoniae)

A

oral amoxicillin
(erythromycin or clarithromycin if severe)

88
Q

What is MRSA and which AB can be given for it?

A

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (flucoxacillin)
- give vancomycin IV

89
Q

What is gentamycin used for

A

g- bacteria, uti

90
Q

What bacteria can cause UTI and which AB for it?

A

E.coli, klebsella, enterobacteria proteua
trimethoprim
(nitrofurantoin for lower UTI)

91
Q

Which AB target G- bacteria

A

gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin

92
Q

Does G+/- bacteria have a thick cell wall

A

G+

93
Q

What are the 2 classes of AB resistance?

A

Intrinsic and acquired

94
Q

How may AB resistance be acquired?

A

Spontaneous mutation and horizontal gene transfer

95
Q

What are th 3 ways genes can be transferred in acquired AB resistance?

A

Conjugation - plasmid DNA transfer
Transformation
Transduction

96
Q

What are examples of G + and - AB resistance?

A

G+
- MRSA (methocillin resistant staph aureus) -> vancomycin
- VRE (vancomycin resistance enerococci) -> penicillins

ICS (11 decks)

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