ics

Question 1

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 1

• dolor
• calor
• rubor
• tumor
• loss of function

Question 2

cells involved in acute inflam

Answer 2

neutrophil polymorphs

Question 3

cells involved in chronic inflam

Answer 3

marcophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 4

what is acute inflam

Answer 4

the inital response to tissue injury characteried by presence of neurtophils polymorphs

Question 5

5 causes of acute inflam

Answer 5

• microbial infectio - bacteria and viruses
• physical - trauma, heat, cold
• bacterial toxins
• hypersensitivity - parasites
• infarction and ischaemia

Question 6

what are the actions of neutrophils in acute inflammation

Answer 6

1. migration - movement of neutrophil polymorphs towards the endothelial lining of a blood vessel
2. adhesion - the adhesion and pavementation (rolling) of neutrophils along the BV of venules and veins
3. emigration - the movement of nuetrophils out of the bv into the extracellular space
4. diapedesis - passive movement of rbc out of vessels into vessel wall or extracellular fluid

Question 7

describe mechanism of acute inflam

Answer 7

1. incr in vascular permeability causing vasodilation
2. Fluid exudate - movement of protein rich fluid out of vessels
3. Cellular exudate - movement of neutrophils out of the vessels

Question 8

what are the 4 results of acute inflam

Answer 8

• resolution - complete restorment of normal tissue
• supporation - formation of pus
• organisatoin - formation of granulamatous inflammation - this occurs always in cardiac tissue and neurones (never resolution)
• progression - to chronic infalmmation

Question 9

which tissues/ cells never resolove after acute inflam

Answer 9

cardiac tissue and neruones

Question 10

what is chronic inflam

Answer 10

• the prolonged and subsequent response to tissue injury

Question 11

what are 5 primary causes of chronic inflam

Answer 11

• primary granulamatous conditions - crohns and sarcoidosis
• necrotic tissue and bone
• exogenous material eg abestos
• immune resistant organisms eg TB, leporsy
• autoimmune - rheumatoid arthritis and hashimotos thyroiditis

Question 12

how does chronic inflam appear histologically

Answer 12

• granulamatous inflam
• fibrotic tissue
• ulcers
  abcesses

Question 13

what is a granuloma

Answer 13

agregates of epitheloid histocytes

Question 14

what do all granulomas secrete

Answer 14

ACE

Question 15

what is caseating granuloma and example

Answer 15

granuloma with a necrotic core eg tb, leprosy

Question 16

what is non-caseating granuloma and examples

Answer 16

granuloma without a necrotic core eg crohns, vasculitis, and sarcoidosis

Question 17

how can you histologically tell a parasitic infection

Answer 17

granuloma with eosinophil

Question 18

granuloma and eosinophil =

Answer 18

parasitic infection

Question 19

example of acute inflam -> chronic

Answer 19

hepatitis B/C
osteomyelitis

Question 20

what is hyperplasia

Answer 20

incr in cell numbers due to mitosis (not cardiac tissue and neurones)

Question 21

example of hyperplasia

Answer 21

benign protatic hyperplasia

Question 22

what is hypertrophy

Answer 22

incr in cell size without cell divison

Question 23

2 examples of hypertrophy

Answer 23

muscles of athletes
uterine smooth muscle in pregnancy

Question 24

what is atrophy

Answer 24

decr in organ or cell size due to reduction in cell size and/or number

Question 25

2 examples of atrophy

Answer 25

• cortical atrophy in alzhiemers
• muscle atrophy in ALS

Question 26

what is metaplasia

Answer 26

change in cell type from one fully differentiated form to another

Question 27

example of metaplasia

Answer 27

barretts oesophagus
- squamous to columnar epithelium

Question 28

what is dysplasia

Answer 28

imprecise term for the morphological changes that occur when a cell if progressing to become a cancer