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Transition Block 1 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of colonisation

A

Presence of a microbe in the human body without an inflammatory response

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2
Q

What is the definition of infection

A

Inflammation due to a microbe

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3
Q

What is the definition of bacteraemia

A

Presence of viable bacteria in the blood

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4
Q

Define sepsis

A

Systemic inflammatory response to infection

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5
Q

What type of bugs do phagocytes target

A

Bacteria and fungi

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6
Q

what type of bugs do T lymphocytes target?

A

Viruses, fungi, protozoa

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7
Q

what type of bugs do antibody and B lymphocytes target target?

A

Viruses and bacteria

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8
Q

What type of bug do eosinophils target?

A

fungi
protozoa
worms

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9
Q

what type of bugs do mast cells target?

A

worms

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10
Q

what type of bugs complement target?

A

Bacteria

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11
Q

What investigations are done to diagnose infection

A 
Lab features
- microbiology
- WCC
- CRP
- platelets, clotting
Microbiology
- blood, stool, Urine, wound, tissue cultures
Microscopy
- stool, urine, sputum
Serology
Antigen detection
PCR
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12
Q

Name some bacteraemia sources in community and hospital

A

Community

  • E.Coli (urine and abdo)
  • S.Pneumoniae (respiratory)
  • S.Aureus (Skin)

Hospital

  • E.Coli (catheter related or abdo)
  • S.aureus (MRSA line/wound)
  • CNS (line/prosthesis)
  • Enterococci (urine. would, line)
  • Klebsiella (urine and wound)
  • Pseudomonas
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13
Q

What gram positive organisms can cause upper resp tract infections?

A

Strep pneumoniae
Strep pyogenes
Stahylococcus aureus

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14
Q

What gram negative organisms can cause upper resp tract infections?

A

H. influenzae

Moraxella catarrhalis

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15
Q

How can you tell apart gram negative and positive bacteria

A

Gram staining

  • Positive stains purple
  • Negative stains pink
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16
Q

Causative organisms of community acquired pneumonia

A

Strep pneumonia (70%)
Atypicals/viruses (20%)
H influenzae
Staph aureus

17
Q

How to diagnose community acquired pneumonia

A

sputum culture
viral PCR
Serology
Blood cultures

18
Q

Risk factors for community acquired pneumonia

A

Increasing age
Immunocompromised
smoking

19
Q

what are the normal flora of the mouth

A 
Strep viridans (Neisseria, anaerobes)
Candida, staphylococci
20
Q

Signs of a S. aureus infection

A 
rash
folliculitis 
abscess
carbuncle
impetigo
scalded skin syndrome
21
Q

What group do haemolysis and surface proteins classify as in streptococcus pyogenes

A

Group A

22
Q

give some features of streptococci pyogenes

A

Gram positive
chains
catalase negative
Beta haemolysis (complete)

23
Q

What kind of skin infections do streptococcus pyogenes cause

A

Impetigo
cellulitis
necrotising fasciitis

24
Q

Causes of a sore throat?

A

Bacterial

  • Group A strep
  • Group C, G strep
  • Neisseria gonorrhoea

Viral

  • rhinovirus
  • coronavirus
  • adenovirus
  • Parainfluenza
  • Influenza A and B
  • herpes simplex
  • EBV, CMV, HIV

Atypical agents

  • mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae
25
Q

What are the different types of haemolysis on blood agar?

A

Beta - complete haemolysis, clear zones around the colonies

Alpha - partial haemolysis, green surrounding colonies

Gamma - no haemolysis

26
Q

What is the most common bacteria causing middle ear infections (otitis media)? How can they be treatment?

A

H. influenzae

strep. pneumoniae
strep. pyogenes

Usually self resolving
first line - amoxicillin
seconds line - erythromycin

27
Q

Most common organisms causing acute sinusitis? What is treatment?

A

H. influenzae
strep pneumoniae
strep pyogenes#

First line - phenoxymethylpenicillin
Second line - doxycycline (but not in kids)

28
Q

Common organisms causing bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

staph aureus
strep pneumoniae
H influenzae (mainly kids)

29
Q

Investigations and management of bacterial conjunctivitis

A 
Swabs
Topical antibiotic (chloramphenical)
30
Q

what is a complication of giving too high a dose of chloramphenicol in a baby

A

grey baby

- neonate cannot process the drug as the liver is too immature and can cause hypotension

31
Q

What is viral conjunctivitis most commonly caused by?

A

adenovirus
herpes simplex
herpes zoster

32
Q

Presentation of orbital cellulitis, investigations?

A

painful eye movements
proptosis
paranasal sinusitis
pyrexial

Emergency
CT scan

33
Q

Common organisms in sexually transmitted infections (bacterial, viral, parasites)

A

Bacterial

  • chlamydia trachomatis
  • Neisseria gonorrhoea
  • Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Viral

  • HPV (genital warts)
  • herpes simplex (genital herpes)
  • Hepatitis and HIV

Parasites

  • Trichomonas vaginalis
  • phthirus pubis (lice)
  • scabies
34
Q

common cause of candida

A

C. albicans

35
Q

What is acute bacterial prostatitis and what are common organisms associated, management?

A

Rare complication of UTI in men causing penile pain and tender prostate

E.coli, enterococcus, STI (gonorrhoea and chlamydia)

Ciprofloxacin for 28 days
Trimethoprim if high C. diff risk (those taking antibiotics/immunosuppressed)

36
Q

Normal vaginal flora

A 
- Lactobacillus spp.
(produces lactic acid to suppress growth)
(also produces hydrogen peroxide) 
- Strep viridans
- Group B beta haemolytic streptococcus
- Candida spp.
37
Q

What is the normal pH of the vagina

A

4 - 4.5

raised in bacterial vaginosis

Transition Block 1 (8 decks)

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