Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Icm > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a common gram positive diplococcus

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intracranial complications from pneumococal septicaemia

A 
Meningitis
Abscess
Empyema 
Infarction 
Oedema
Nerve palsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of dexamethasone for in children with bacterial meningitis

A

Reduces the incidence of hearing loss and neurological sequalae
Does not reduce mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What organisms commonly cause CAP necessitating ITU admission.

A 
Strep pneumonia
Legionella pneumophila
Staphylococcus aureus 
Haemophilus influenza
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the non respiratory complications of legionella

A 
Encephalitis
Pancreatitis
Pericarditis
Polyarthropathy 
Hyponatraemia 
Deranged lfts 
Thrombocytopenia 
Diarrhoea
Aki
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do antibiotics work

A

They are either bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal.

Bacteriostatic limit the bacterial growth allowing for the immune system to remove the bacteria from the body
Macrolides/ tetracyclines/ trimethoprim

Bacteriocidal cause bacterial death whilst the host cells remain Undamaged. This relies on an Intact immune system.
Penicillin/ cephalosporin/ aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Four methods that antibiotics work

A
  1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis: penicillin, cephalosporins, glycopeptides

2.inhibit dna synthesis or function:
Metronidazole, rifampicin, cipro

  1. Inhibit THF -tetrahydrofolate synthesis : co-trimoxazole
  2. Inhibit protein synthesis: tetracycline, aminoglycosides, macrolydes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What drugs are macrolydes

A

Erythromycin
Clari
Azith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What drugs are aminoglycosides

A

Gentamicin

Amikacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What drugs are glycopeptides

A

Vanc

Teic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What drugs are cephalosporins

A

Cephalexin
Cefuroxime
Ceftriaxone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What drugs are penicillins

A

Fluclox
Amoxicillin
Tazocin
MeropemeM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is time dependant killing

A

An antibiotics whose activity depends on the amount of time the serum concentration is above the minimum inhibitory concentration -penicillins clinda vanc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is concentration dependant killing

A

Antibiotics who’s activity correlates with peak serum concentration - gent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which antibiotics are gram positive cocci

A

Coag neg :

Strepto cocci

  • b haemolytic (group a (progenies) and b (agalactia))
  • y haemolytic enterococcus
  • a haemolytic (pneumonia and viridans)

Coag pos;
Epidermidis
Aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gram positive bacilli

A 
A actinomyces
B bacillus
C clostridia
D diphtheria 
L listeria

Stain purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gram negative cocci

A

Neisseria
Moraxella
Gonorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gram negative bacilli

A

Pseudomonas
Klebsiella
Salmonella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Intrinsic methods of antibiotics resistance to bacteria

A

Lack of molecular transport
Membrane impermeability
Antibiotic cannot enter the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Extrinsic methods that confer antibiotic resistance to bacteria

A

Drug inactivation (beta- lactams)
Reduced permeability (carbopenems can’t penetrate psa)
Efflux of drugs (penicillins pumped out of psa)
Aletered molecular target (mrsa altered penicillin binding site)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do bacteria acquire resistance

A

Sporadic mutations
Gene transfer via

  1. Transformation : free dna release from layer bacteria
  2. Transduction : bacteriophages transfer dna
  3. Conjugation: contact between 2 bacteria
  4. Transposition : transposons move between bacterial chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is selective decontamination of the digestive tract

A

Administration of non absorbable oral and enteral antibiotics and short term IV antibiotics

  • tobramycin/ polymixin E/ apmhoterecin oral paste
  • add in vanc for mrsa
  • cefotaxime for 4/7

Aim to prevent and reduce colonisation
Reduce mortality and vap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define nosocomial infection

A

Infection diagnosed 48-72 hours after admission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Crbsi causative agents

A

Coagulase negative staph
Staph aureus
Ecoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Matching Michigan care bundle components for crbsi
``` Hand Hygiene Asepsis 2% chlorhex/ 70% alcohol Avoid femoral route Review daily + remove when not needed ```
26
What is a VAP
``` Pneumonia 48-72 hours post intubation New or progressive Infiltrates Signs of infection (fever / wcc) Changes in sputum Culture of causative agent ```
27
Classification of VAP
Early onset - within 4 days Pneumonia/ haemophilus/ mssa Late onset - > 4 days Mrsa psa esbl
28
Risk factors for VAP
``` Burns Lung pathology Supine Enteral nutrition. Sedation Smoking in ```
29
Diagnosis of VAp
Cpis score Score of 0-2 for ``` temperature leukocytes PF ratio CXR infiltrates Tracheal secretions Culture growth ```
30
What are the severity grade of c. Diff
``` Mild - no wcc rise Moderate wcc <15 Severe > 15 With aki >50% baseline Temp >38.5 Radiological colitis Life threatening- tmc or shock ```
31
What does rsv stand for
Respiratory syncytial virus
32
In a needle stick what blood need to be taken from the patient
HIV antibodies Hep c antibodies Hep b surface antigens
33
What is the cpis score
``` Temp Wcc CXr PF ratio Tracheal secretions Tracheal cultures ```
34
How do you calculate the PF ratio.
Pao2/ fio2
35
Vap prevention
``` Head up Oral decontamination Sedation hold Subglotic ports Ppi Cuff pressure ```
36
VAP organisms
Strep pneumonia H influenza Mssa E.coli
37
Cause of tetanus
Gram positive | Clostridium tetani
38
Pathophysiology of tetanus
``` Toxin release into circulation Binds irreversibly to neuronal protein Travel to spine Prevents neuro transmission at the presynaptic gaba. Uncontrolled motor activity and spasms ```
39
Characteristics of tetanus
Rigidity Muscle spasm Autonomic instability
40
What colour are gram positives microbes and why
Violet/ purple | Retain stain in the thick peptoglycan wall after washing
41
4 types of anti fungal
Azoles (keto/ flucon) Polyenes (ampho) Echinocandins (caspo) Allylamines (terbinafine)
42
What are the escape pathogens
``` Enterococcus faecium Staph aureus Kleb Acinetobacter Pseudomonas Entrobacter ```
43
What infections at risk of post splenectomy
``` strep pneumonia Haem influenza Neisseria meningitis Salmonella Malaria ```
44
Water bacteria associated with brain abscess
Scedosporium apiospermum
45
Drugs used in mssa
Flucloxacillin Cephalosporins Daptomycin
46
Drugs used in mrsa
Daptomycin Linezolid Vanc Teicoplanin
47
What type of bacteria is clostridium difficile
Gram positive spore forming
48
Define leptospirosis
Caused by spirochete bacteria. Characterised by an acute phase and immune phase. Common symptoms include jaundice aki and bleeding. Associated with pulmonary haemorrhage
49
How to diagnose and treat leptospirosis
Pcr Microscopy Treatment with doxycycline
50
Gram positive cocci
Strep | Staph
51
Gram positive rods
Acinitobacter Bacillus Clostridia Listeria
52
Gram negative cocci
Neisseria | Morexella
53
Gram negative Bacilli
E.coli | Psa
54
Define bacteriostatic
Limit growth allowing immune system to remove the bacteria E.g macrolides
55
Define bacteriocidal
Cause bacterial death E.g penicillin
56
Define concentration dependant killing
Actively correlated to peak serum. Concentration - aminoglycosides
57
Define time dependant killing
Agents that need high concentration above the mic for a period of time - tazocin
58
Which antibiotics act on cell wall synthesis
Penicillin | Cephalosporins
59
Which antibiotics act on DNA synthesis
Metronidazole
60
Which antibiotics act on THF synthesis
Trimethoprim
61
Which antibiotics work on protein synthesis
Gent | Linezolid
62
Define HIV
Retrovirus that infects the CD4 cells Transmission through sex blood and vertical hiv 1 and 2
63
HIV replication.
Enters the macrophage via glycoprotein Injection of RNA RNA transcribed and integrated into DNA of host Viral replication
64
What drug do you give as pep for hiv
Zidovudine
65
Define malaria
Protozoan parasite Spread by anopheles mosquitoes 5 types-falciparum, malariea, ovale, vivax and knowlesi
66
Life cycle of malaria
Mosquito ingests the gametocyte Undergoes sporogenic cycle in the mosquito to form oocysts Injected into humans the oocysts rupture Sporozoites release Shizont dormant phase in the liver Eetthrocytic phase in the blood with they mature to trophozoites
67
Parasite load in malaria to be classified as severe
>10%
68
Treatment of malaria
Artusunate
69
Define tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis aerobic bacilli | Producing a granulomatous inflammatory disease
70
Treatment of TB
2 RIpE 4 Ri
71
Define MDr and xdr TB
MDr- iso or rif resistance Xdr- also fluroquinolones
72
Define HEp a
RNA virus | Water or fecal contact
73
Define hep b
DNA virus Blood/body fluids 5% chronic -> cancer
74
Hep c treatment
Ribavirin | Peg interferon alpha
75
Hep c definition
RNA virus Blood borne 1:30 70% chronic
76
Changes in protein, wcc, cells and glucose with bacterial meningitis
High protein High cells Low glucose Polymorphs
77
Changes in protein, wcc, cells and glucose with viral meningitis
Normal protein 500 cells Lymphs Normal glucose
78
Changes in protein, wcc, cells and glucose with fungal meningitis
Raised protein 100-500 cells Lymph’s Normal glucose
79
Changes in protein, wcc, cells and glucose with TB meningitis
High protein Normal cells Lymphs Low glucose
80
Incubation leptospirosis
5-14 days
81
Causes of eosinophilia
``` Connective tissue disorders Helminth infections Idiopathic Neoplastic- para/ NHL Allergic- asthma, anaphylaxis, ten/ dress ```
82
What are the Hacek bacteria
``` Haemophylus Actinobacillus Cardiobacterium Eikenella Kingella ```

Icm (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions