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MD1 SF3 - EXAM 1 > Microbiologie: Les maladies infectieuses d'hier à aujourd'hui > Flashcards

Microbiologie: Les maladies infectieuses d'hier à aujourd'hui Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection?

A

Maladie causée par déséquilibre entre défenses naturelles de l’hôte et la capacité invasive de microorganisme

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2
Q

What are Koch’s 4 postulates?

A
  1. The microorganism must be found in diseased but not healthy individuals
  2. The microorganism must be cultured from the diseased individual
  3. Inoculation of a healthy individual with the cultured microorganism must show signs of the disease
  4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased individual and matched to the original microorganism
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3
Q

What is an endemic?

A

Disease restricted to a certain population/location with relatively constant infection rates

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4
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Infection that develops in one area and inflicts a large number of people… usually grows quite quickly

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5
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Epidemic that spreads to basically the whole world

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6
Q

What are the different types of infections? (5)

A
  1. Infections à transmission directe:
    • Contact, gouttelettes/voie aérienne, véhicule commun (ex: eau…)
  2. Infections à transmission vectorielle: insects
  3. Infections nosocomiales: acquired in the hospital
  4. Infections opportunistes: immunodeficient patient
  5. Zoonoses: transmitted from animals —> humans
    • Most pandemics start this way
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7
Q

What is the main difference between rich and poor countries when it comes to the #1 cause of death?

A

Rich: mostly non-transmissible diseases (ex: CV disease, cancer)

Poor: mostly transmissible diseases and infections

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8
Q

What are the economic impacts of infections?

A

Diseases have huge financial impacts globally, but mostly in poorer countries where people lose out on profit due to tourism, investment, exportation, etc..

Antibiotic resistance will have a huge financial impact by 2050.. and the problem keeps getting worse and worse

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9
Q

Who discovered the bacteria responsible for the plague?

A

Alexandre Yersin

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10
Q

What are the different pandemics of the plague? (3)

A

Peste de Justinien (6e-8e siècle)

25 000 000 de morts

Peste noir (14e et 17e-18e siècles)

jusqu’a 200 000 000 morts (1/3 - 1/2 de la population totale)

Peste moderne (18e-19e siècles)

12 000 000 morts

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11
Q

How does the plague spread?

A

When the rats are all dead, it starts to infect humans as its new host

During plague epizootics, many rodents die, causing hungry fleas to seek other sources of blood. People and animals that visit places where rodents have recently died from plague are at risk of being infected from flea bites.

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12
Q

What was the impact of the plague on our current knowledge?

A

Déclin du sevrage: high number of deaths led to creation of negotiations for workers and better pay and conditions

Apparition de plans de santé publique: better treatment and handling of the dead, development of quarantine systems

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13
Q

When did smallpox originate and when was it discovered?

A
  • Originated about 4e millennium B.C
  • Epidemics started in 5th century
  • Discovered in 16th century by Europeans in S.A —> led to death of around 90-98% of Natives in S.A
  • Last outbreak in 1977 in Somalia
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14
Q

How does Smallpox work?

A

Orthopoxvirus: DNA 130-375 Kb

30% mortality rate

Flu like syndrome with apparition of pustules

No animal/vectorial reservoir of disease

Very contagious but collective immunity —> most infections in children

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15
Q

When was the worst smallpox outbreak in Quebec?

A

1885: worst outbreak in Quebec

Many social conflicts at the time… which didn’t help:

  • Anglos vs francos
  • Catholics vs protestants
  • Rich vs poor
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16
Q

What was the global impact of smallpox?

A

Death of 20 000 000 natives and the loss of the Aztec and Inca empires

  • Reforestation and loss of human activity led to famine in Europe

Eradication of the disease: 1950s in USA, with new strategies was declared eradication by WHO in 1980

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17
Q

What is variolation?

A

The method of inoculation first used to immunize individuals against smallpox (Variola) with material taken from a patient or a recently variolated individual, in the hope that a mild, but protective, infection would result

Started in China and established in Europe in 18th century but never became commonplace

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18
Q

How was the smallpox vaccine discovered?

A
  • Jenner in 1786 using the cowpox virus, inoculated a child with pustules and showed that after 3 months the child was immune
  • In the 20th century, mass vaccinations started
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19
Q

What causes cholera?

A

Bacteria: Vibrio cholerae

Transmission: fécale-orale

Dehydration (1L/h)

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20
Q

Who discovered cholera?

A

Koch: 1884 —> has credit

Pacini 1854 —> showed signs but was ignored

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21
Q

How many cholera pandemics were there?

A
  1. 1817-1823: India
  2. 1826-1842: India, Quebec 1832: mortality 10% au Quebec mais 15% à mtl
  3. 1846-1860: India (EUROPE… KILLED A US PRESIDENT)
  4. 1863-1875: India —> 600k deaths
  5. 1881-1896: India —> 300k deaths
  6. 1899-1923: India —> 800k deaths
  7. 1961- : Indonesia, Haiti in the 2010s
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22
Q

What was the impact of cholera on our current knowledge?

A

Basis of epidemiology: John Snow —> established the source of cholera due to a water pump… pump replaced = end of the epidemic in Soho in London

Quarantine in Quebec during 2nd pandemic: boats had to stop at Grosse-Île for inspection

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23
Q

How many pandemics have there been since the start of the 20th centry?

A

NINE

  1. Spanish flu (1918-1920) —> H1N1
  2. Asian flu (1957-1958) —> H2N2
  3. Hong-Kong flu (1968-1970) —> H3N2
  4. Swine flu (2009-2010) —> H1N1
  5. SARS (2002-2003)
  6. MERS (2012-
  7. COVID-19 (2019 -
  8. Ebola (2014-2016)
  9. HIV/AIDS (1981 -
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24
Q

How many people were effected by the Spanish Flu and how many died?

A

30% of human population, 40-50M deaths

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25
Q

How many deaths happened due to the Asian Flu?

A

1M

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26
Q

How many deaths were caused by the Hong Kong Flu?

A

1M

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27
Q

How many deaths were caused due to Swine Flu?

A

0.2M —> mostly children

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28
Q

What causes influenza?

A

RNA virus in the Orthomyxoviridae family

29
Q

How many types of influenza are there?

A

4: A, B, C, D

  • but only A can cause a pandemic (only one that effects humans and animals therefore creating reservoirs)
30
Q

How many subtypes of Influenza A are there?

A

H: 18, N: 11

31
Q

How is influenza transmitted?

A

Droplets

32
Q

When was the first flu-shot developed?

A

1944 by Jonathan Salk (same guy as polio) for soldiers in WW2

33
Q

What is the timeline of AIDS/HIV?

A

1981: CDC informed of pneumonia and Kaposi Sarcoma in young gay men

1982: Acquired Immunodeficient Syndrome

1983: Virus isolated by Montaignier and Barré-Sinoussi —> Nobel in 2008

1985: testing blood

1987: AZT —> Zidovudine

1992: first FDA-approved drug combination

1996: HAART treatment

2011: PrEP showed effective —> approved in Canada in 2016

2016: 90-90-90

2017: undetectable = not transmissible

34
Q

How many deaths have been caused by HIV/AIDS?

A

35M deaths —> 25k in Canada

35
Q

How many people are HIV+ in Canada right now?

A

63k and 2.5k cases are added a year

36
Q

How many big discoveries were there in the Pasteurian era? (1885-1935)

A

12

37
Q
  1. What did Hans Christian Gram discover?
A

Coloration de Gram

38
Q
  1. What did Ignaz Semmelweiss discover?
A

Lavage des mains chez le personnel de la Santé réduit la mortalité lors des accouchements

39
Q
  1. What did Louis Pasteur discover?
A

Réfutation de la génération spontanée; fermentation, maladie vers à soie, vaccin contre la rage (rabies), pasteurization

40
Q
  1. What did Joseph Lister discover?
A

Technique de stérilisation en chirurgie (Listeria), nettoyage des plais, vêtements propres

41
Q
  1. What did Ilya Ilitch Metchnikov discover?
A

Macrophages et phagocytose –> Nobel in 1908

42
Q
  1. What did Emil von Behring discover?
A

First Nobel winner in 1901:

Sérum antitoxine contre diphtérie, père de la sérothérapie

43
Q
  1. What did Paul Ehrlich discover?
A

Colorants comme dx et tx, Salvarsan (père de la chimiothérapie) –> Nobel in 1908

44
Q
  1. What did Robert Koch discover?
A

Agent responsable de la tuberculose, cholera (Pacini) et anthrax –> Nobel in 1905

45
Q
  1. What did Ronald Ross discover?
A

Montré que le paludisme (malaria) est transmis par les moustiques –> Nobel in 1902

46
Q
  1. What did Alphonse Laveran discover?
A

Montré que le paludisme est causé par un protozoaire –> Nobel in 1907

47
Q
  1. What did Charles Nicolle discover?
A

Typhus est transmis par le pou, montré role des animaux comme vecteurs –> Nobel in 1907

48
Q
  1. What did Fanny Hesse discover?
A

Base d’agar-agar pour les cultures

49
Q

How many big players were there in the era of the development of antimicrobial agents (1935-1980)?

A

3

50
Q
  1. What did Gerhard Domagk do?
A

Developed first commercialized antibiotic (prontosil) –> Nobel 1939

51
Q
  1. What did Alexander Fleming discover?
A

Discovery of penicillin (1929)

  • Penicillium rubens inhibits staphylococcus
  • Mushroom that accidentally infiltrated petri dish killing staph —> penicillin

—> Nobel 1945

52
Q
  1. What did Selman Waksman discover?
A

Streptomycin –> Nobel in 1952

53
Q

What has happened to antibiotic development through the years?

A

It has slowed down significantly especially since the mid 70s

54
Q

What preventative methods have been developed over the years to stop the transmission of infections?

A

375 B.C:

  • Hippocrates: Hygiene and healthy lifestyle

1385:

  • Quarantine: boats arriving at ports aren’t visited for 40 days after arrival but rats were able to leave and come spreading the diseases as vectors

1847:

  • Semmelweiss: Importance of handwashing

1867:

  • Lister: disinfecting instruments, clean clothing and sterilizing wounds

1870:

  • Florence Nightingale: Isolating contagious patients, prevention of cross-contamination

Other general things:

hand hygiene, sterilization, disinfecting (liquid, YV), PPI, sterile/antimicrobial surfaces, vaccination, diagnosing, monitoring infections, isolation/quarantine, use of prophylaxis, mass treatment efforts, controlling vectors, training and standardization

55
Q

What are the important vaccinations that have led to the eradication of certain diseases? (15)

A

Smallpox, anthrax, rabies (rage), typhoid fever, the plague, tuberculosis, diptheria, tetanus, whooping cough, flu, polio, rubella, measles, mumps, COVID-19**

56
Q

What are some “newly discovered” bacteria and what is their importance?

A
  • Legionella pneumophilia* (1976)
  • Borrelia bugdorferi* (1982) —> Lyme disease
  • Helicobacter pylori* (1983) —> Barry Marshall (1951- ), Nobel 2005 for proving that it causes stomach ulcers that can cause stomach cancer
  • Tropheryma whipplei* (1991) –> Whipple’s disease
57
Q

What are some “newly discovered” fungi and what is their importance?

A

Candida auris

  • discovered in 2009, fast global dissemination
  • Nosocomial infection
  • Bacterial resistance: floconazole (93%), AmB (35%), Caspofungine (7%), 41% resistant to two classes, 4% resistant to three classes

Cryptococcus gatti

  • A rare infection that people can get after breathing in the microscopic fungus. The infection can affect the lungs, central nervous system, or other parts of the body.
  • In subtropical climates
58
Q

What are some “newly discovered” viruses and what is their importance?

A
  • Coronavirus —> SARS, MERS, SARS-CoV-2
  • Zika, Chikungunya, Dengue Fever, Yellow FEVER —> RNA viruses
  • Ebola
  • West-Nile
59
Q

What are some “newly discovered” protozoa and what is their importance?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum: causes watery diarrhea —> drug: nitazoxanide

Babesia microti: infect red blood cells and are spread by certain ticks

60
Q

What are prions?

A

Stanley Prusiner (1942- ) —> Nobel 1997

Maladies neurodegeneratives

61
Q

How do RNA vaccines work?

A

RNA protected by membrane… otherwise it would be degrated by the body

How: inject mRNA which will be translated into proteins/antigens/parts of antigens –> immunity

62
Q

What innovation is happening in terms of dx methods?

A

Development of molecular tests to accelerate the culture of microorganisms to have faster dx

  • usually takes between 2 days to 1 week to receive dx/information from culture
63
Q

What is the microbiota?

A

Sorta like a new organ!

  • All of the bacteria that live inside and on us
  • > 1500 species that are known and culturable
    • 15 000 that are not
  • there are 100 billion bacteria in each gram of stool
  • 1000 anaerobic bacteria per 1 aerobic bacteria
  • there are 150x more bacterial genes in our body than human genes
64
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

Ensemble des gènes du microbiote

65
Q

What is the résistome?

A

Ensemble des gènes de résistance du microbiote

66
Q

What is the role of the microbiome in humans?

A

Digestion, production of nutrients and metabolites, immune system development, protection, etc.

67
Q

What’s the problem with overprescribing antibiotics to young children?

A

These antibiotics kill pathogens but also modify the IMPORTANT intestinal flora

  • Your immune system is developing at this age so killing this bacteria can lead to some big issues
  • What pathologies are associated with this change?
    • obesity
    • type 1 diabetes
    • allergies
    • asthma
    • IBS
    • mental health issues
    • cancer
    • etc.
68
Q

What are some therapeutic uses of the microbiome?

A

Fecal transplants to replace bacteria after treatment with antibiotics –> C. diff takes over and cant be treated :(

MD1 SF3 - EXAM 1 (11 decks)

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