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microbio km > microbio lecture 15 > Flashcards

microbio lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Immunization

A

is process of inducing immunity

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2
Q

what has probably had greatest impact on human health of any other medical procedure?

A

immunization

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3
Q

knowledge is _____________ with respect to fighting disease

A

power

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4
Q

useful applications of ___________ ________ in diagnostic tests

A

immunological reactions

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5
Q

today __#__ diseases around the globe can be prevented by vaccination

A

30

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6
Q

immune wars -> pathogens fight back ->

A

return of humans (knowledge is power)

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7
Q

Naturally acquired immunity

A

gained through normal events, such as
illness

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8
Q

Artificially acquired immunity

A

gained through immunization

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9
Q

Active immunity

A

results from exposure to antigen

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10
Q

in active immunity, lymphocytes are

A

activated, memory cells provide long-lasting protection

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11
Q

active immunity is natural by

A

infection, passive through vaccination

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12
Q

passive immunity

A

results from addition of other’s antibodies

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13
Q

passive immunity is temporary

A

protection, no memory cells formed

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14
Q

natural passive immunity

A
  • During pregnancy, mother’s IgG antibodies cross placenta
  • Breast milk contains secretory IgA
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15
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

Injection of antiserum containing antibodies

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16
Q

injecting antiserum can prevent

A

disease before or after likely exposure, limit duration of certain diseases, and block action of microbial toxins

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17
Q

antitoxin is

A

antiserum that protects against a toxin

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18
Q

what is antiserum (not in slides)

A

preparation of serum that contains protective antibodies

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19
Q

Hyperimmune globulin

A

(antibodies to specific disease)

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20
Q

Immune globulin

A

(IgG fraction from many donors; variety of antibodies)

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21
Q

Monoclonal antibody

A

therapeutics

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22
Q

natural active immunity

A

Immunity that results from an
immune response in an individual
after exposure to an infectious agent.

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23
Q

Artificial Active Immunity

A

Immunity that results from an
immune response in an individual
after vaccination.

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24
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

mmunity that results when
antibodies from a woman are
transferred to her developing fetus
during pregnancy or to an infant
during breast feeding.

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25
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

A

Immunity that results when
antibodies contained in the serum
of other people or animals are
injected into an individual.

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26
Q

Vaccine

A

preparation of pathogen or its products used to
induce active immunity

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27
Q

vaccine protects

A

individual and prevents spread in population

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28
Q

herd immunity

A

develops when critical portion of population is immune to disease

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29
Q

infectious agent unable to spread due to insufficient susceptible hosts

A

(requiring, usually not less than 75% of a population)

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30
Q

vaccine is responsible for dramatic declines in

A

childhood disease– diseases sometimes reappear and spread as result of failure to vaccinate children

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31
Q

effective vaccine should be safe, with few side effects. some characteristics are

A
  • Give long lasting protection
  • Ideally low in cost, stable, easy to administer
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32
Q

two general categories of classical vaccines

A

live attenuated vaccine; inactivated vaccine

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33
Q

Live Attenuated Vaccine (agent can replicate)

A

stronger immune response, but
may cause disease

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34
Q

Inactivated vaccine (agent cannot replicate)

A

weaker immune response, but
cannot cause infections

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35
Q

attenuated vaccines

A

Attenuated bacteria
Injection, oral, or nasal Injection Route
No Need for adjuvant
Antibody response (memory): IgG; secretory IgA if administered orally or nasally IgG
Good Cell-mediated response
Longer Relative duration of protection
Usually One or 2 doses
Very Low Risk of mutation to virulence
Significant Risk to immunocompromised recipient
Poor Stability in warm temperatures

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36
Q

Inactivated vaccines

A

Inactivated whole agents, toxoids, subunits, Virus-like particles, polysaccharides, conjugates
Injection Route
Need for adjuvant
Antibody response (memory): IgG
Poor Cell-mediated response
Shorter Relative duration of protection
Multiple doses
Absent Risk of mutation to virulence
Absent Risk to immunocompromised recipient
Good Stability in warm temperatures

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37
Q

Attenuated vaccine

A

weakened form of pathogen

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38
Q

attenuated vaccines grown under conditions that

A

foster mutations, or genetically manipulated to replace genes – both lower pathogenicity

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39
Q

advantages of attenuated vaccine

A
  • Single dose usually induces long-lasting immunity due to microbe multiplying in body
  • Can inadvertently immunize others by spreading
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40
Q

disadvantages of attenuated vaccine

A
  • Can sometimes cause disease in immunosuppressed individuals
  • Can occasionally revert or mutate, become pathogenic
  • Generally not recommended for pregnant women
  • Usually require refrigeration
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41
Q

examples of attenuated vaccines

A

measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, yellow fever, rotavirus

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42
Q

Inactivated vaccine

A

unable to replicate, but still immunogenic

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43
Q

advantages of inactivated vaccine

A

cannot cause infections or revert to pathogenic forms

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44
Q

disadvantages of inactivated vaccine

A

no replication, so no amplification; several booster doses usually needed

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45
Q

inactivated often has an adjuvant,

A

which enhances immune response to antigens

46
Q

some adjuvants provide

A

signals to dendritic cells through toll-like receptors activation

47
Q

some adjuvants hold ________ and release it slowly over time

A

antigen

48
Q

adjuvant examples

A

Aluminum salts; derivatives of Lipid-A; Cytosine-Phospho-Guanine (a DNA mimic)

49
Q

some adjuvants trigger _________ __________

A

inflammatory response

50
Q

adjuvant is an ingredient used in some vaccines that helps create

A

a stronger immune response in people receiving the vaccine. THEY cause more local reactions (such as redness, swelling, and pain at the injection site) and more systemic reactions (such as fever, chills and body aches) than vaccines not containing adjuvants.

51
Q

Inactivated whole agent vaccines

A

contain killed microorganisms or
inactivated viruses

52
Q

inactivated whole agent vaccines treated with __________ that does not significantly change surface epitopes

A

formalin or other chemical

53
Q

inactivated whole agent vaccines can include

A

influenza, rabies, hepatitis A

54
Q

toxoid vaccines

A

toxins treated to destroy toxic part, retain antigenic epitopes

55
Q

toxoid vaccines include

A

diphtheria and tetanus

56
Q

subunit vaccines consist of

A

key protein antigens or antigenic fragments from pathogen

57
Q

subunit vaccines avoid

A

cell parts that may cause side effect

58
Q

what is an example of subunit vaccine?

A

acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine

59
Q

recombinant subunit vaccine

A

subunit vaccines produced using
genetically engineered microorganisms

60
Q

hepatitis b virus is recombinant example, where

A

yeast cells produce part of viral protein coat

61
Q

VLP (virus-like particle) vaccines

A

empty capsids produced by genetically engineered organisms

62
Q

example of VLP

A

human papillomavirus

63
Q

Polysaccharide vaccines

A

contain polysaccharides from capsules

64
Q

polysaccharide vaccines not effective in young children and are

A

t-independent antigens which elicit poor response

65
Q

example of polysaccharide vaccine

A

pneumococcal vaccine for adults

66
Q

conjugate vaccines

A

polysaccharides linked to proteins

67
Q

the conjugate vaccines convert ____________ into t-dependent antigents

A

polysaccharides

68
Q

conjugate vaccine example

A

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has nearly eliminated
Hib meningitis in children; Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine promises to
do the same for a variety of infections

69
Q

Nucleic acid-based vaccines

A

Segments of naked DNA or RNA from infectious agent

70
Q

nucleic acid based vaccines induce

A

immune respone (covid-19)

71
Q

some cells express genes for _____ ______ after injection (nucleic acid-based vaccines)

A

short period

72
Q

vaccines benefits greatly

A

outweigh very slight risk

73
Q

child with measles chance of serious brain inflammation

A

1:2000

74
Q

child change of brain inflammation from vaccine

A

1:1000000

75
Q

prior to vaccinations, there were

A

numerous deaths and disabilities

76
Q

many with vaccines can still

A

become ill or die from preventable diseases

77
Q

some parents refuse to vaccinate children because they

A

fear harm

78
Q

however, no evidence of link between

A

vaccines and autism

79
Q

vaccines have become victims of

A

their own success because people don’t see seriousness of disease

80
Q

reports of adverse effects of vaccine lead some to

A

falsely believe that the risk of vaccination is greater than the risk of disease

81
Q

vaccination dramatically reduces

A

incidence of diseases

82
Q

drops in immunization rates lead to

A

disease outbreaks

83
Q

Since the beginning of the COVID19 pandemic,

A

over 750 million confirmed cases worldwide have
been infected resulting in >7 million deaths

84
Q

In the US, 100 million confirmed

A

infections and >1.1 million deaths (~ 3 year total)

85
Q

When faced with a deadly, global pandemic, naturally,

A

a vaccine is desirable to stop it.

86
Q

challenges of pandemic

A
  • This is a new pathogen that we know little about.
  • People are dying! Needs to be quick!
  • We can guess that the spike protein might be an appropriate target but we are not sure.
  • We will need to produce 3-5 billion doses in less than a year (350 million x 2 doses for US alone)
87
Q

What is best approach for pandemic?

A
  • Live attenuated vaccine is out because of time and number of doses needed
  • Only practical approach is an mRNA vaccine and it just so happens to be the best approach!
  • Modified booster with different reactivity can easily be made if virus mutations resist immunity
88
Q

mRNA vaccine general strategy

A

target pathogen -> genome sequencing -> electronic transfer of sequence -> vaccine design ->pilot mRNA vaccine production and validation -> GMP manufacturing of mRNA vaccine -> vaccination

89
Q

mRNA vaccine: injected mRNA stimulates

A

dendritic cell via RNA-specific Toll-like receptors to
secrete TNF-alpha and IL6

90
Q

dendritic cells express

A

Co-stimulatory molecules to activate TH cells

91
Q

then, TH cells expresses

A

“expressed” antigen in context of MHC Class I molecules

92
Q

CD8+ T-cells react with cognate

A

Class I molecules, giving rise to Tc response

93
Q

Dendritic cells can also express protein in context of

A

MHC Class II stimulaiton humoral rsponse

94
Q

Some target protein escapes and binds

A

to B-Cell receptors

95
Q

TH cells specific for target antigen stimulate B-Cells expressing target protein
in context of Class II molecule leads to

A

B-cell proliferation and differentiation
into plasma cells and production of antibody

96
Q

The notion that natural immunity is better than than immunization is not

A

supported
by scientific data

97
Q

Many diseases have high case mortality rates making

A

natural immunity impractical

98
Q

Many disease (Syphilis, Gonorrhea, HPV, HIV, Cholera, Influenza, Typhoid fever, etc.)
do not illicit

A

sufficient natural immunity to prevent reinfection.

99
Q

Natural immunity does not yield

A

life-long immunity except in rare cases

100
Q

Immunization can prevent

A

many of the most deadly diseases that would otherwise yield high mortality or lasting debilitation

101
Q

Preventable childhood diseases (rubella, measles, Hemophilus influenza, Pneumococcal pneumonia, chicken pox) are

A

not benign; complications are severe and
can be fatal

102
Q

Vaccines to several important diseases still not available but

A

research continues with
some promising results (HIV, Malaria, Tuberculosis, Lyme Disease, West Nile, Zika
enchephalitis)

103
Q

Though the history of vaccine use has some troubling examples

A

vaccines today are safe and safeguarded by procedures in place to protect the public.

104
Q

Immunization is one of modern medicine’s

A

greatest success stories.

105
Q

vaccine has probably had

A

greatest impact on human health of any other medical procedure

106
Q

vaccine is example of how knowledge is

A

power with respect to fighting disease

107
Q

today, 30 diseases around globe can be prevented by

A

vaccination

108
Q

Though impossible to know for sure, the WHO conservatively estimates that________________ prevented each year.

A

2-3 million deaths

109
Q

Immunizations impact on various cancers is

A

expanding rapidly

110
Q

Hope for controlling multi-drug resistant bacterial infections by targeting

A

microbial resistance mechanisms

microbio km (6 decks)

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