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microbio km > microbio lecture 1 and 2 > Flashcards

microbio lecture 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

EID

A

emerging infectious disease

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2
Q

emerging infectious disease

A

a disease that is more common in the past 35 years

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3
Q

newly recognized diseases

A

ebola, congenital zika, MERS (middle east respiratory syndrome), influenza, AIDS, lyme disease, hantavirus, mad cow disease

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4
Q

diseases that have become more common

A

malaria, tuberculosis

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5
Q

disease agents evolve by

A

infecting new host, causing damage to host, and becoming resistant to antibiotics

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6
Q

what is becoming common again w/ declining vaccination rates?

A

measles, mumps, whooping cough

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7
Q

prokaryotic

A

do not have a membrane-bound nucleus

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8
Q

eukaryotic

A

do have a membrane-bound nucleus

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9
Q

three domains

A

eukarya, bacteria, archaea

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10
Q

domain

A

highest classification

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11
Q

what are two common examples of diseases that are caused by pathogens, not chronic or genetic diseases?

A

cervical cancer (HPV)
stomach ulcers (Helicobacter pylori)

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12
Q

typical size range of bacteria and prokarya?

A

0.3-2 micrometers

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13
Q

typical size range of eukarya?

A

5-50 micrometers

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14
Q

what has peptidoglycan in its cell wall?

A

bacteria only

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15
Q

all microbes have

A

ribosomal RNA sequences unique to group

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16
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

Genus, then species (epithet)

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17
Q

what does scientific names

A

reflects organism characteristic or scientist

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18
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled prokaryotes
-peptidoglycan in cell wall
-flagella

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19
Q

how does bacteria multiply?

A

binary fission (duplicate and split)

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20
Q

what are the most common types of bacteria?

A

cylindrical (rods), spherical (cocci), spiral (cholera)

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21
Q

where do bacteria get energy from?

A

photosynthestic, wide variety

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22
Q

archaea

A

single-celled, similar to bacteria
-don’t have peptidoglycan
-ribosomal RNA sequences are unique
-common in moderate environments

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23
Q

what are extremophiles?

A

in this sense, many archaea:
Organisms that live under extremes of temperature, pH, or other environmental conditions. (salt concentration)

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24
Q

types of eukaryotes

A

fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths (worms_

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25
Q

what are protists?

A

algae and protozoa (eukaryotes other than plant, animal, fungus)

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26
Q

fungi

A

use organic material for energy, micro to macroscopic

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27
Q

algae

A

sunlight for energy, mico to macroscopic

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28
Q

protozoa

A

use organic material for energy, single-celled microscopic

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29
Q

helminths (worms)

A

use organic material for energy, macroscopic quite large

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30
Q

endospore stain

A

visualization of endospores

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31
Q

endospores are

A

resistant dormant cells, resistant to heat, desiccation, UV light, and toxic chemicals
Can remain dormant for 100 yrs

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32
Q

what are endospores formed from?

A

bacillus and clostridium

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33
Q

what color are the endospore stain

A

malachite green that is uptaken by heat because it resists gram stain (appears clear)

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34
Q

neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

diplococci

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35
Q

streptococcus

A

chains

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36
Q

sarcina

A

cubical packets

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37
Q

cell envelope

A

cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule

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38
Q

where is the location of chromosome

A

nuculeoid

39
Q

pili

A

fimbriae- cells to adhere to surface
twitching or glidings, DNA transfer

40
Q

what is capsule and slime layer made of?

A

polysaccharides

41
Q

gram positive cell wall?

A

thick layer of peptidoglycan with teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids

42
Q

gram negative cell wall?

A

thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane, which outermost layer of is made of lipopolysaccharide

43
Q

plasmid carries

A

only genetic information that may be advantageous to a cell in certain situations

44
Q

gas vesicles

A

provide buoyance to cell

45
Q

granules

A

high molecular weight polymers, synthesized from nutrient in relative excess

46
Q

cytoplasmic membrane protein functions?

A

selective gates, environmental conditions sensors, enzymes

47
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

proteins drift in lipid bilayer

48
Q

what goes freely through selective permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane

A

O2, CO2, N2, small hydrophobic molecules, water

49
Q

what doesnt pass through easily cytoplasmic membrane

A

sugars, ions, amino acids, atp, macromolecules

50
Q

speed of diffusion

A

greater concentration differences = higher diffusion rates

51
Q

osmosis

A

high water to low water, so low solute to high solute
HYPOTONIC to Hypertonic

52
Q

isotonic means..

A

no net water flow

53
Q

prokaryote environments are typically…

A

dilute (hypotonic)

54
Q

cytoplasm is usually

A

hypertonic, concentrated solution

55
Q

what keeps the cell from bursting?

A

cell wall

56
Q

electron transport chain

A

electron energy moves protons out of the cell, creating a electrochemical gradient

57
Q

what is the electrochemical gradient energy called?

A

proton motive force, which drives ATP synthesis and transport/motility forms

58
Q

how do small molecules travel across the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

through permeases or carriers, with molecule specific binding that changes shape of transport proteins to let it go across

59
Q

how do small molecules travel across the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

through permeases or carriers, with molecule-specific binding that changes the shape of transport proteins to let them go across

60
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

bacillus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, purple, no porin proteins (outer layer), more susceptible to penicillin and sensitive to lysozyme

61
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

escherichia, Neisseria, pseudomonas, has an outer membrane unlike pos, has lipopolysaccharide, has porin proteins for molecule passages, and less susceptible to penicillin and no sensitivity to lysozyme

62
Q

peptidoglycan

A

it’s only in bacteria!, alternates NAM and NAG and is linked by tetrapeptide chains

63
Q

gram pos cell wall

A

thick peptido, Teichoic acids extend above peptido, and gel like material below peptido

64
Q

gram neg cell wall

A

thik peptido, unique outer membrane w lipopolysacc

65
Q

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

signals immune system of invasion by gram neg bacteria, elicit response to eliminate invader

66
Q

LPS is also called an

A

endotoxin, bc large amounts in bloodstream is deadly

67
Q

LPS includes

A

Lipid A for immune system and O antigen for identifying species or strains

68
Q

the purpose of gram neg unique outer membrane?

A

blocks many molecules passage (e.g. antimicrobial medications), but small mols still pass with porins

69
Q

what is the periplasmic spaces?

A

between cytoplasmic and outer membrane, and filled with periplasm gel, accumulated with exported proteins, and ABC transport systems have binding proteins

70
Q

gram stain for gram pos wall

A

prevents crystal violet iodine complex from being washed out so decolorizing agent dehydrates thick peptido> desiccation is barrier

71
Q

gram neg cell wall in gram stain

A

the solvent of decolorizing damages the outer membrane so it frees the complex color, of gram neg and thin peptide can’t retain color

72
Q

what bacteria lack a cell wall?

A

mycoplasma = flexible, not affected by penicillin or lysozyme, and cytoplasmic membrane has sterols for strength

73
Q

archaea cell walls

A

large variety bc of range of environments (including extreme), less well studied than bacteria, no peptide but pseudopeptidoglycan, have S-layers that self assemble (from flat protein/glycoprotein subunits)

74
Q

capsules and slime layers

A

gel outside of cell wall = protections + attachment, glycocalyx (sugar shell), some are polypeptides

75
Q

capsule

A

distinct, gelatinous

76
Q

slime layer

A

diffuse, irregular

77
Q

when the attachment happens…

A

cells can grow as biofilm, which is a polymer-encased community (like dental plaque)

78
Q

flagella

A

motility, spin propellers to move cell, important in disease (Helicobacter pylori), numbers and arrangements characterize bacteria

79
Q

What are the parts of the bacterial flagellum?

A

basal body, hook, filament

80
Q

basal body

A

anchors to cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane

81
Q

filament

A

flagellin subunits

82
Q

archaeal flagella

A

chemically distinct, use energy from ATP instead of proton motive force

83
Q

chemotaxis

A

bacteria sense chemical and move to it for nutrient or away for it if its a toxin

84
Q

how does chemotaxis movement work?

A

series of runs (straight lines) or tumbles (directional changes) due to uncoordinated rotation of flagella

85
Q

fimbriae

A

types of pili allowing for surface attachment

86
Q

sex pilus

A

join bacteria for a type of dna transfer

87
Q

endospores can germinate to become

A

vegetative cells that can multiply, they are found virtually everywhere

88
Q

sporulation

A

triggered by limited carbon or nitrogens, where starvation begins the process (8 hours)

89
Q

endospore layers

A

prevent damage, exclude molecules

90
Q

endospore cortex

A

maintains core in dehydrate state to protect from heat

91
Q

endospore core

A

small proteins that bind to and protect dna

92
Q

calcium dipicolinate in endospore

A

play important protective role

93
Q

what is germination triggered by?

A

heat, chemical exposure, and is not reproduction means

microbio km (6 decks)

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