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microbio lecture 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

EID

A

emerging infectious disease

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2
Q

emerging infectious disease

A

a disease that is more common in the past 35 years

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3
Q

newly recognized diseases

A

ebola, congenital zika, MERS (middle east respiratory syndrome), influenza, AIDS, lyme disease, hantavirus, mad cow disease

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4
Q

diseases that have become more common

A

malaria, tuberculosis

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5
Q

disease agents evolve by

A

infecting new host, causing damage to host, and becoming resistant to antibiotics

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6
Q

what is becoming common again w/ declining vaccination rates?

A

measles, mumps, whooping cough

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7
Q

prokaryotic

A

do not have a membrane-bound nucleus

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8
Q

eukaryotic

A

do have a membrane-bound nucleus

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9
Q

three domains

A

eukarya, bacteria, archaea

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10
Q

domain

A

highest classification

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11
Q

what are two common examples of diseases that are caused by pathogens, not chronic or genetic diseases?

A

cervical cancer (HPV)
stomach ulcers (Helicobacter pylori)

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12
Q

typical size range of bacteria and prokarya?

A

0.3-2 micrometers

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13
Q

typical size range of eukarya?

A

5-50 micrometers

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14
Q

what has peptidoglycan in its cell wall?

A

bacteria only

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15
Q

all microbes have

A

ribosomal RNA sequences unique to group

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16
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

Genus, then species (epithet)

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17
Q

what does scientific names

A

reflects organism characteristic or scientist

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18
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled prokaryotes
-peptidoglycan in cell wall
-flagella

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19
Q

how does bacteria multiply?

A

binary fission (duplicate and split)

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20
Q

what are the most common types of bacteria?

A

cylindrical (rods), spherical (cocci), spiral (cholera)

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21
Q

where do bacteria get energy from?

A

photosynthestic, wide variety

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22
Q

archaea

A

single-celled, similar to bacteria
-don’t have peptidoglycan
-ribosomal RNA sequences are unique
-common in moderate environments

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23
Q

what are extremophiles?

A

in this sense, many archaea:
Organisms that live under extremes of temperature, pH, or other environmental conditions. (salt concentration)

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24
Q

types of eukaryotes

A

fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths (worms_

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25
what are protists?
algae and protozoa (eukaryotes other than plant, animal, fungus)
26
fungi
use organic material for energy, micro to macroscopic
27
algae
sunlight for energy, mico to macroscopic
28
protozoa
use organic material for energy, single-celled microscopic
29
helminths (worms)
use organic material for energy, macroscopic quite large
30
endospore stain
visualization of endospores
31
endospores are
resistant dormant cells, resistant to heat, desiccation, UV light, and toxic chemicals Can remain dormant for 100 yrs
32
what are endospores formed from?
bacillus and clostridium
33
what color are the endospore stain
malachite green that is uptaken by heat because it resists gram stain (appears clear)
34
neisseria gonorrhoeae
diplococci
35
streptococcus
chains
36
sarcina
cubical packets
37
cell envelope
cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule
38
where is the location of chromosome
nuculeoid
39
pili
fimbriae- cells to adhere to surface twitching or glidings, DNA transfer
40
what is capsule and slime layer made of?
polysaccharides
41
gram positive cell wall?
thick layer of peptidoglycan with teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids
42
gram negative cell wall?
thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane, which outermost layer of is made of lipopolysaccharide
43
plasmid carries
only genetic information that may be advantageous to a cell in certain situations
44
gas vesicles
provide buoyance to cell
45
granules
high molecular weight polymers, synthesized from nutrient in relative excess
46
cytoplasmic membrane protein functions?
selective gates, environmental conditions sensors, enzymes
47
fluid mosaic model
proteins drift in lipid bilayer
48
what goes freely through selective permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane
O2, CO2, N2, small hydrophobic molecules, water
49
what doesnt pass through easily cytoplasmic membrane
sugars, ions, amino acids, atp, macromolecules
50
speed of diffusion
greater concentration differences = higher diffusion rates
51
osmosis
high water to low water, so low solute to high solute HYPOTONIC to Hypertonic
52
isotonic means..
no net water flow
53
prokaryote environments are typically...
dilute (hypotonic)
54
cytoplasm is usually
hypertonic, concentrated solution
55
what keeps the cell from bursting?
cell wall
56
electron transport chain
electron energy moves protons out of the cell, creating a electrochemical gradient
57
what is the electrochemical gradient energy called?
proton motive force, which drives ATP synthesis and transport/motility forms
58
how do small molecules travel across the cytoplasmic membrane?
through permeases or carriers, with molecule specific binding that changes shape of transport proteins to let it go across
59
how do small molecules travel across the cytoplasmic membrane?
through permeases or carriers, with molecule-specific binding that changes the shape of transport proteins to let them go across
60
gram positive bacteria
bacillus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, purple, no porin proteins (outer layer), more susceptible to penicillin and sensitive to lysozyme
61
gram negative bacteria
escherichia, Neisseria, pseudomonas, has an outer membrane unlike pos, has lipopolysaccharide, has porin proteins for molecule passages, and less susceptible to penicillin and no sensitivity to lysozyme
62
peptidoglycan
it's only in bacteria!, alternates NAM and NAG and is linked by tetrapeptide chains
63
gram pos cell wall
thick peptido, Teichoic acids extend above peptido, and gel like material below peptido
64
gram neg cell wall
thik peptido, unique outer membrane w lipopolysacc
65
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
signals immune system of invasion by gram neg bacteria, elicit response to eliminate invader
66
LPS is also called an
endotoxin, bc large amounts in bloodstream is deadly
67
LPS includes
Lipid A for immune system and O antigen for identifying species or strains
68
the purpose of gram neg unique outer membrane?
blocks many molecules passage (e.g. antimicrobial medications), but small mols still pass with porins
69
what is the periplasmic spaces?
between cytoplasmic and outer membrane, and filled with periplasm gel, accumulated with exported proteins, and ABC transport systems have binding proteins
70
gram stain for gram pos wall
prevents crystal violet iodine complex from being washed out so decolorizing agent dehydrates thick peptido> desiccation is barrier
71
gram neg cell wall in gram stain
the solvent of decolorizing damages the outer membrane so it frees the complex color, of gram neg and thin peptide can't retain color
72
what bacteria lack a cell wall?
mycoplasma = flexible, not affected by penicillin or lysozyme, and cytoplasmic membrane has sterols for strength
73
archaea cell walls
large variety bc of range of environments (including extreme), less well studied than bacteria, no peptide but pseudopeptidoglycan, have S-layers that self assemble (from flat protein/glycoprotein subunits)
74
capsules and slime layers
gel outside of cell wall = protections + attachment, glycocalyx (sugar shell), some are polypeptides
75
capsule
distinct, gelatinous
76
slime layer
diffuse, irregular
77
when the attachment happens...
cells can grow as biofilm, which is a polymer-encased community (like dental plaque)
78
flagella
motility, spin propellers to move cell, important in disease (Helicobacter pylori), numbers and arrangements characterize bacteria
79
What are the parts of the bacterial flagellum?
basal body, hook, filament
80
basal body
anchors to cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane
81
filament
flagellin subunits
82
archaeal flagella
chemically distinct, use energy from ATP instead of proton motive force
83
chemotaxis
bacteria sense chemical and move to it for nutrient or away for it if its a toxin
84
how does chemotaxis movement work?
series of runs (straight lines) or tumbles (directional changes) due to uncoordinated rotation of flagella
85
fimbriae
types of pili allowing for surface attachment
86
sex pilus
join bacteria for a type of dna transfer
87
endospores can germinate to become
vegetative cells that can multiply, they are found virtually everywhere
88
sporulation
triggered by limited carbon or nitrogens, where starvation begins the process (8 hours)
89
endospore layers
prevent damage, exclude molecules
90
endospore cortex
maintains core in dehydrate state to protect from heat
91
endospore core
small proteins that bind to and protect dna
92
calcium dipicolinate in endospore
play important protective role
93
what is germination triggered by?
heat, chemical exposure, and is not reproduction means

microbio km (6 decks)

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