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1st Semeester - 3rd Year > MICROBIO-LEC -1ST LONG QUIZ (MIDTERMS) > Flashcards

MICROBIO-LEC -1ST LONG QUIZ (MIDTERMS) Flashcards

1
Q
  • English physicist
  • Contributed to the discovery of cells while looking at a thin slice of cork
  • This he is the first to observe cells in plant material and name them
A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q
  • French Biologist
  • Discovery of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization (aseptic technique)
  • Produced the first vaccine for rabies by growing the virus in rabbits and then weakening it by drying the affected nerve tissue.
  • Disapproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation
  • Believes that “life comes from pre-existing life”
  • Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but the air does not create microbes
A

Louis Pasteur

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3
Q
  • Swiss physician and bacteriologist
  • Discovered a bacillus which is responsible for the bubonic plague
  • It was later named in his honor (Yersinia pestis)
A

Alexandre Emile Jean Yersin

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4
Q

What bacteria causes bubonic plague?

A

Yersinia pestis

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5
Q
  • German physician and microbiologist
  • Founder of modern microbiology
  • Creation of Koch’s postulate
  • Identified specific causative agents of tuberculosis,cholera and anthrax
  • First person to make use of solid media
A

Robert Koch

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6
Q

What kind of solid media they used to grow the colony of bacteria way back then?

A

Slice of potato

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7
Q

This type of media adds nutrients to the bacteria

A

Liquid Media

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8
Q
  • Theory of humorism
  • 4 humors (black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm)
  • Temperaments of people (bile, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic)
  • Excess or imbalance of the different humors causes disease
A

Hippocrates & Galen

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9
Q

Complete the following:
1. Black Bile:
2. Yellow Bile:
3. Blood:
4. Phlegm:

A
  1. Melanchony (extreme sadness)
  2. Anger
  3. Cheer & courage
  4. Apathy
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10
Q

What is the full name of Paracelsus?

A

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

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11
Q
  • Introduction of Chemistry in Medicine
  • Three humors
    • Salt - representing stability
    • Sulphur - representing combustibility
    • Mercury - representing liquidity
A

Paracelus

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12
Q

Complete the following definition:
1. Salt
2. Sulfur
3. Mercury

A
  1. Stability
  2. Combustibility
  3. Liquidity
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13
Q
  • Essay on contagion (by contact, by fomites, at a distance)
  • The name for syphilis
A

Girolamo Fracastoro

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14
Q
  • Father of Microbiology
  • Best known for his pioneering work in microscopy which lead the to the establishment of microbiology
  • First to experiment with microbes (animalcules = “tiny animals”) and now referred as unicellular organisms
A

Antoine Philips Van Leeuwenhoek

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15
Q
  • Discovered Bacillus anthracis, the causative bacterium of anthrax, in blood of diseased and dying sheep.
  • Study of septicemia (blood poisoning)
A

Casimir Davaine

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16
Q
  • First to observe that heating prevented the growth of bacteria in meat infusion
A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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17
Q
  • Showed that living particles can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton wool
  • Introduced the use of cotton plugs in test tubes
A

Heinrich G. F. Schröder & Theodor von Dusch

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18
Q

Hypothesized that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

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19
Q

A Scottish bacteriologist who discovered penicillin in 1928

A

Alexander Fleming

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20
Q

A Russian microbiologist who observed that viruses are filterable material; one of the founders of virology

A

Dmitri Ivanovski

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21
Q

English physician who developed vaccine against smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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22
Q

Proposed a classification system for streptococci based on antigens in their cell walls

A

Rebecca Lancefield

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23
Q

Discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another

A

Joshua Lederberg & Edward Tatum

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24
Q

An American biochemist and virologist who was first to characterize a virus (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)

A

Wendell Stanley

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25
Q
  • A biological study that deals with the study of organisms that could not be seen by the unaided eye
  • Includes the classification and general characteristics of bacteria, viruses and fungi and fundamental microbiology techniques
  • Prerequisites: Botany, Zoology and Biochemistry
A

General Microbiology

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26
Q

What are the 7 disciplines in microbiology?

A
  1. Veterinary Mcrobiology
  2. Medical Microbiology
  3. Aquatc Microbiology
  4. Food Microbiology
  5. Aeromicrobiology
  6. Environmental Microbiology
  7. Molecular Microbiology
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27
Q

What are the 4 sub-division of microbiology and their definitions?

A
  1. Bacteriology - study of bacteria
  2. Virology - study of viruses
  3. Mycology - study of fungi (yeast and molds)
  4. Phycology - study of algae
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28
Q

The study of the role of microbes in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy

A

Veterinary Microbiology

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29
Q

The study of the role of microbes in human illness. Includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology and is related to the study of disease pathology and immunology

A

Medical Microbiology

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30
Q

Concerned with water purification, microbiological examination and biological degradation of wastes

A

Aquatic Microbiology

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31
Q

The study of airborne microorganisms

A

Aeromicrobiology

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32
Q

The study of the function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments

A

Environmental Microbiology

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33
Q

The study of the molecular biology and genomics of microorganisms

A

Molecular Microbiology

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34
Q

2 types of organisms

A
  1. Prokaryotic
  2. Eukaryotic
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35
Q

What are the 5 Kingdom Classification?

A
  1. Kingdom Monera (bacteria)
  2. Kingdom Protista (ameoba & algae)
  3. Kingdom Plantae (moss & ferns)
  4. Kingdom Animalia (insects, fish)
  5. Kingdom Fungi (yeast, moulds, mushrooms)
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36
Q

What are the differences between Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes
- very tiny simple cells
- no true nucleus
- no organelles

Eukaryotes
- larger more complex cells
- have nucleus
- have numerous organelles

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37
Q

What are the differences and similarities of Autotrophs and Heterotrophs? Give at least one example.

A

Autotrophs
- have cell wall
- make their own food through the process of photosynthesis
- e.g. plants

Heterotrophs
- have cell wall
- can’t make their own food
- must eat other organisms
- fungi

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38
Q

What are the 2 types of organisms that do not have cell wall?

A
  1. Protista
  2. Animalia
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39
Q
  • Disease attributed to wrath of Divine Spirits for punishment of individual sins
  • Supernatural inflictions of disease
A

Theurgical Theory of Disease

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40
Q
  • Due to emanations from the earth
  • Influence of:
    • Stars
    • Moon
    • Wind
    • Waters
    • Seasons
  • Relationship of disease with waters, changes in temperature, moisture, and direction of wind
  • Imbalance of (fire, air, water, earth) and four qualities (heat, cold, moisture, dryness)
  • Corresponds to four humors
A

Miasmatic Theory of Disease

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41
Q
  • Observation on epidemics
    • Plague
    • Syphilis
    • Typhus in man
  • contact, by fomites, at a distance
A

Contagion Theory (Fracastoro)

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42
Q
  • Pasteur and Koch (lead to understanding of the presence of microorganisms and relationship to disease
  • Disease is caused by infections of pathogenic microorganism
A

Germ Theory (18th century)

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43
Q
  • Framework for the study of etiology or cause of infectious disease
  • Pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  • The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
  • The cultured pathogen must cause the disease when it is inoculated into the host of susceptible experimental host
A

Koch’s Postulate

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44
Q

It is a gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter and it is also how the rocks grow.

A

Accretion

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45
Q

What are the characteristics of livig organisms over non-living organisms

A
  1. Ability to reproduce and transmit characteristics to offspring
  2. Capacity to grow:
    • Increase in size and volume
    • Can be seen or not seen
    • Internal or external growth
    • Requires metabolism
      • Metabolism- building process
      • Catabolism- degrading process
    • Non- living: growth is by accretion (gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter)
  3. Adaptation to environment change
  4. Response to stimulant (temperature, light, pressure, chemicals)
    • Tropism- response towards to a stimulus
    • Phototropism- response to light
  5. Definite body organization
    • E.g. cell- tissue- organs- systems
  6. Definite chemical composition
  7. Capable of moving
  8. Life span and development
    • Definite period of existence:
      • Beginning
      • Growth
      • Maturity
      • Decline
      • Death
  9. Life cycle - Series of changes in the life of an organism including reproduction
  10. Constant energy requirement - For survival, development, and reproduction
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46
Q

Response towards to a stimulus

A

Tropism

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47
Q

Respone to light

A

Phototropism

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48
Q

use of bacteria on various industry

A

Biotechnology

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49
Q

use of either naturally occuring/ introduced microorganism or other forms of life to consume and breakdown environmental pollutants, in order to clean up polluted site
E.g. use of bacteria on toxic waste

A

Bioremediation

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50
Q

diverse collection of microorganism in the ocean or large bodies of water

A

Planktons

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51
Q

heterotrophic plankton (microscopic organism to large species) e.g. jellyfish

A

Zooplanktons

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52
Q

microscopic plants that live in the ocean

A

Phytoplanktons

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53
Q

Give the 3 types of microorganisms and their examples:

A
  1. Beneficial (87%)- e.g. antibiotics in food, chemical substances
  2. Opportunistic (10%)- e.g. organisms that take advantage of the weekend immune system
  3. Harmful (3%)- pathogens/ pathogenic organism
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54
Q

What are the 3 Domain System?

A
  1. Bacteria- has peptidoglycan cell wall
  2. Archaea- lacks peptidoglycan cell wall
  3. Eukarya
    • Protists (slime molds, protozoa, algae)
    • Fungi (unicellular yeast, multicellular molds)
    • Plants (moss, ferns, flowering plants)
    • Animals (worms, invertebrates, insects)
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55
Q

System of scientifically naming organisms
By Carl Linnaeus

A

Binomial (two-term naming system) Classification

56
Q

It is the term that describes genus

A

Descriptors

57
Q

It is the term that describes genus

A

Descriptors

58
Q

It is the term that describes the species

A

Epithets

59
Q

What is the proper naming of an organism?

A

From Larger to Smaller and it must be underlined if not italicized

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
amily
Genus
Species

60
Q

Bacteria comes from what Kingdom?

A

Kingdom Monera

61
Q

What is the length and diameter of bacteria?

A

2um-8um length and 0.2-2.0 diameter

62
Q

Enumerate the structures present in bacterial cell

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Glycocalyx
  3. Cell Wall
  4. Plasma Membrane
  5. Flagella
  6. Axial Filaments
  7. Fimbriae & Pili
  8. Cytoplasm (Plasmid and Nucleoid)
  9. Ribosomes
  10. Inclusions
63
Q

-Substances surrounding the cell
-Covers the outside of prokaryotic cells that provides a protective coat
-Viscous/ sticky, gelatinous polymer external to the cell wall

A

Glycocalyx

64
Q

Give the glycocalyx composition of bacteria

A
  1. Polysaccharide
  2. Polypeptide
65
Q

Give the 2 coverings of glycocalyx

A

Capsule and slime layer

66
Q

organized substance/ firmly attached to the cell wall

A

Capsule

67
Q

substance is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall

A

Slime Layer

68
Q
  • Important in contributing to bacterial virulence
    = Often protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host
A

Capsule

69
Q

Give the 3 examples of bacteria that have capsule in their structure

A

Bacillus anthracis capsule of D-glutamic acid (for immune surveillance)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella

70
Q

Important components of biofilms

A

Glycocalyx

71
Q
  • a glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other
  • Protects cells within it and facilitates communication
  • Enables the cell to survive by attaching to various surfaces in natural environment
A

Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS)

72
Q

Attaches to the surface of the teeth causes dental problems

A

Streptococcus mutants

73
Q

causes cholera which attaches to the cells of small intestine
symptoms: vomiting and diarrhea

A

Vibrio Cholerae

74
Q
  • Prevent bacterial cells from rupturing
  • Helps maintain shape of the cell
  • Anchorage for flagella
  • Contributes to the ability of some species
A

Cell Wall

75
Q

What is the most common example of antibiotic that targets the cell wall of bacteria?

A

Penicillin

76
Q

What will happen to the bacteria if it contacts with the specific antibiotic that targets their cell wall?

A

It will rupture and leads to its own death.

77
Q

It is used in differentiation of major types of bacteria (Lancefield Classification system)
It is composed of peptidoglycan (murein) which differentiate bacteria from archaea and eukarya

A

Cell wall

78
Q

Cell wall is composed of __________________ which differentiate bacteria from archaea and eukarya

A

peptidoglycan (murein)

79
Q

Differentiate the cell wall of gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria

A

Gram positive Bacteria
- Thick and rigid
- Has many layers of peptidoglycan
- Has teichoic acids on cell wall

Gram negative Bacteria
- thin layer of peptidoglycan
- No teichoic acid
- More susceptible to mechanical breakage
- Membrane of G- cell wall contains:
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Lipoproteins
- Phospholipids

80
Q

The membrane of Gram Negative Bacterial cell wall contains:

A
  • Lipopolysaccharides
  • Lipoproteins
  • Phospholipids
81
Q

What are the stains use for:
- G+
- G-

A
  1. G+ Cyrstal Violet and it will turn into purple or violet
  2. G- Safranin and it will turn into red or pink
82
Q
  • This structure lying inside the cell wall and encloses the cytoplasm of the cell
  • Composed of phospholipid
  • Look like two- layered structures (lipid- bilayer)
  • Function:
    • serve as a selective barrier through which materials enter and exit the cell (selective permeability)
    • Breakdown of nutrients and the production of energy
A

Plasma Membrane

83
Q
  • Filamentous appendages that propel the bacteria (for movement)
  • Capability to move in various patterns
A

Flagella

84
Q

bacteria that lacks flagella

A

Atrichous

85
Q

It is a type of flagella that distributed over the entire cell

A

Peritrichous

86
Q

A type of flagella at one or both poles or ends of the cell

A

Polar

87
Q
  • a single flagellum at one pole
A

Monotrichous

88
Q
  • a tuft of flagella coming from one pole
A

Lophotrichous

89
Q
  • flagella at both poles of the cell
A

Amphitrichous

90
Q

flagellar protein; useful for distinguishing among serovars or variations
e.g. E. coli has a lot of variation, it can identify the serovar O157:H7 based on the H antigen of E. Coli which is associated with food borne epidemics

A

H-antigen

91
Q
  • are group of bacteria that have unique structure and motility (spiral motion)
  • They move by means of axial filaments or endoflagella
A

Spirochetes

92
Q

Present in spirochetes

A

Axial Filaments

93
Q
  • causative agent of syphilis
A

Treptonema pallidum

94
Q
  • causative agent of Lyme disease
A

Borrelia burgdorferi

95
Q

Hair- like appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella

A

Fimbriae and Pili

96
Q

the bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell

A

Fimbriae

97
Q

usually longer than fimbrae and number only one or two per cell; involved in motility and DNA transfer

A

Pili/Pilus

98
Q

What are the differences between fimbriae and Pili?

A
  • fimbriae has no involvement in movement, but adherence to tissues, cells, and surfaces
  • Pili has involvement in motility and DNA transfer; response for twitching Pseudomonas aeruginosa; used to bring bacteria together, thus allowing transfer of DNA to another (conjugation)
99
Q

Substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

100
Q

What are the structures present in bacterial cytoplasm?

A

Nucleoid and Plasmid

101
Q
  • Contains bacterial chromosome
  • Has cell’s genetic information
  • Not surrounded by a nuclear envelope and has no histones (prokaryotes)
A

Nucleoid

102
Q
  • Small usually circular, double stranded DNA molecules
  • Extrachromosomal genetic elements (not connected to main bacterial chromosome)
  • Replicate independently
  • Can be removed without harming the cell
  • Used in research and can be engineered (e.g. addition of antibiotic resistant gene for selective purposes to plasmid)
  • Transformation- E. Coli DH5 αs exposed to 42 degrees celsius; open its pores and plasmid gets in, after exposing to heat, it is added to ice to close the pores and for recovery. If it grows in a culture with antibiotic, it grows, thus, shows its resistant
A

Plasmid

103
Q

Where protein synthesis takes place

A

Ribosomes

104
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes are called ___________
Has 2 subunits: _____ & _______

A
  • 70S ribosomes
  • 30S and 50S
105
Q
  • Eukaryotic ribosomes are called
  • Subunits are: _______ & ________
A
  • 80S
  • 40S and 60S
106
Q

Sometimes target of other antibiotics (ribosomal antibiotics)

A

Ribosomes

107
Q

Several kinds of reserve deposits in the cytoplasm

A

Inclusion

108
Q
  • Specialized “resting” cells formed by some gram-positive bacteria (genera Clostridium (tetanus, butulism, food poisoning) and Bacillus (anthrax and food poisoning) ) when essential nutrients are depleted
  • Highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers
A

Endospores

109
Q

Term used to describe endospore formation is called ________________

A

Sporulation/ Sporogenesis

110
Q

normal state of cell

A

Vegetative cell

111
Q

What causes sporulation?

A

Decrease/ scarcity of nutrient sources such as nitrogen and carbon causes sporulation

112
Q

Can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation (more resistant)

A

Endospore bacteria

113
Q
  • a large amount of an organic acid contained in endospore; protects the endospore DNA against damage
A

Dipicolinic acid

114
Q

process in which an endospore returns to its vegetative state; when needed nutrients are provided to endospore, it goes back to its Vegetative Cell state

A

Germination

115
Q

What are the procedures that can kill endospore bacteria?

A

Boil on 100 degrees celsius for a long period of time to kill or use 20% sodium hypochlorite

116
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Endospores cannot survive in boiling water for several hours or more (thermophilic/ heat- loving)

A

False

117
Q
  • round bacteria in pairs after dividing
A

Diplococci

118
Q
  • cocci in chains
A

Streptococci

119
Q
  • cocci in cluster resembling bunch of grapes
A

Staphylococci

120
Q
  • in groups of 8 in cuboidal pockets (octads)
A

Sarcinae

121
Q
  • divide in 2 planes and remain in groups of 4
A

Tetrads

122
Q
  • organisms that maintain a single shape
A

Monomorphic

123
Q

-have many shapes e.g. Rhizobium, Corynebacterium

A

Pleomorphic

124
Q
  • Paired Bacilli
A

Diplobacilli

125
Q
  • Rods in chain
A

Streptobacilli

126
Q
  • Short rods
A

Coccobacilli

127
Q

Example of Bacilli with round ends

A

Salmonella typhosa

128
Q

Example of bacilli with square ends

A

Bacillus anthracis

129
Q
  • Usually do not separate and form “long threads”
A

Filamentous bacilli

130
Q

Example of club-shape bacteria

A

C. diphtheria

131
Q

Less than one complete twist; curved rods. e.g Vibrio cholerae

A

Vibroid/Comma shape

132
Q

Loosely curved cells: have helical shape like a corkscrew and fairly rigid bodies with flagella.

A

Spirilla

133
Q

Tightly coiled form; flexible with axial filaments

A

Spirochetes

134
Q

star-shaped bacteria

A

Genus stella

135
Q

Flat rectangular shape

A

Halophilic archaea

1st Semeester - 3rd Year (2 decks)

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