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MicroBio Flashcards

1
Q

What is special about prion proteins and what disease process are they associated with?

A

No DNA/RNA

Mad cow disease

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2
Q

Elements of bacterial cell structure used for:

a. movement
b. adhesion

A

a. Flagellum

b. Fimbriae/Pilli

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3
Q

Name the main shapes of bacteria (3)

A
  1. Coccus (round)
  2. Bacillus (rod)
  3. Spirochaetes
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4
Q

What are the different types of atmospheres bacteria can exist in (5)

A 
AEROBIC: presence of air
\+OBLIGATE: require O2
ANAEROBIC: absence of air 
\+OBLIGATE: killed by O2
FACULTATIVE: exist in both
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5
Q

Differentiate between the terms pathogenicity and virulence.

A

Ability of microorganism –> disease vs. degree of pathogenicity of organism

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6
Q

Name one type of organism resistant to sterilisation procedures

A

Prion proteins

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7
Q

Gram + organisms stain…

A

Purple - thick peptidoglycan wall

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8
Q

Gram - organisms stain…

A

Pink - thin peptidoglycan wall (N)

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9
Q

Endotoxin is produced by…

A

Gram - organisms (N) - part of cell wall

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10
Q

Exotoxin is produced by…

A

Gram + organisms - exported from cell wall

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11
Q

Classify spores in terms of gram stain

A

Gram + bacilli (LATENCY)

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12
Q

Gram + coccus in chains are?

A

Streptococci

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13
Q

Gram + coccus in clusters are?

A

Staphlococcus

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14
Q

The test to classify different streptococci?

A

Haemolysis:
Alpha (partial) - GREEN - Strep. pneumoniae + viridans Beta (complete) - YELLOW - Group A (pyogenes) and B Strep.
Gamma (none) - Enterococcus sp.

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15
Q

Examples of: Alpha-haemolytic Streptococci?

A

Strep. pneumoniae + “viridans” group

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16
Q

Examples of: Beta-haemolytic Streptococci?

A

Group A Strep. (Strep. pyogenes), Group B Strep.

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17
Q

Examples of: Non-haemolytic Streptococci?

A

Enterococcus sp.

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18
Q

The test to distinguish Staphylococcus aureus from other Staph. spp.?

A

Coagulase test +ve = Staph. aureus -ve = other Staph. spp. (common skin commensals)

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19
Q

Treatment of choice for Staph. aureus infection?

A

Flucloxacillin

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20
Q

Treatment of choice for anaerobic infections

A

Metronidazole

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21
Q

Example of mycobacterium (and key buzzwords!)

A

TB - ZN STAIN, CASEOUS NECROSIS, GRANULOMAS

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22
Q

Some examples of Gram- bacilli (5)

A 
Bordetella 
H. influenzae 
Coliforms 
Pseudomonas 
Campylobacter
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23
Q

Features of haemophillus influenzus

A

Coccobacillus

‘Chocolate agar’

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24
Q

Examples of coliforms that are gut commensals (3)

A

E. coli Klebsiella sp. Proteus sp.

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25
Q

Examples of coliforms that are gut pathogens (3)

A

Salmonella sp. Shigella sp. E. coli 0157

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26
Q

The name of the toxin produced by E. coli 0157 is…

A

Verotoxin (VTEC)

27
Q

Treatment of choice for coliform infections?

A

Gentamicin

28
Q

Examples of gram- cocci in pairs (diplococci)

A

Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

29
Q

Examples of strict aerobes (2)

A

Pseudomonas sp. (Gram- bacilli) Legionella sp. (Gram- bacilli)

30
Q

Examples of strict anaerobes (2)

A

Clostridium spp. (Gram+ bacilli) Bacteroides spp. (Gram- bacilli)

31
Q

Examples of spirochaetes (2)

A

Syphillus

Lyme disease

32
Q

Genetic variation in bacteria is dangerous because…

A

Resistance to antibiotics may develop

33
Q

Gene transfer: Transformation

A

DNA from dead bacteria is taken up by living bacteria and incorporated into plasmids/bacterial chromosome.

34
Q

Gene transfer: Conjugation

A

Sex pilus forms between bacteria to allow transfer of plasmid DNA.

35
Q

Gene transfer: Transduction

A

Viruses can transfer bacterial DNA between cells they infect.

36
Q

The 5 methods of spread of infection are…

A

Inhalation, Ingestion, Inoculation, mother to Infant, Intercourse

37
Q

Viruses contain RNA or DNA, never both. True/False?

A

True Size of their capsid (protein coat) limits space

38
Q

Bactericidal antibiotics inhibit cell growth. True/False?

A

False Kill bacteria directly - bacteriostatic inhibits cell growth

39
Q

Viruses that remain persistant within the cell.

A

Reactivation (HSV, VZ)

Remain active for years (HIV, Hep C)

40
Q

What is the term given to an antibiotic that kills the bacteria without harming the host?

A

Selectively toxic

41
Q

Reason for prescribing more than one abx (3)

A

Covers broad range of microorganisms
Prevents resistance
Synergistic effect

42
Q

Why cant antibiotics be used to treat fungi?

A

No cell wall and have a different structure from bacterial ribosome + have a single circular chromosome

43
Q

Antibiotics that act on the bacterial cell wall (3)

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Glycopeptides

44
Q

Vancomycin is part of which family of antibiotics?

A

Glycopeptides

45
Q

Penicillins are bactericidal/bacteriostatic, safe/not safe in pregnancy, excreted via kidneys/urine/liver

A

Bactericidal, safe in pregnancy, kidneys

46
Q

Benzylpenicillin is given IV and is AKA penicillin V. True/False?

A

False Penicillin G; phenoxymethyl-penicillin is AKA penicillin V

47
Q

Flucloxacillin is a ___ spectrum antibiotic. Which organisms is it effective against?

A

Narrow Staph and Strep only (1st line for Staph aureus)

48
Q

Beta lactamase destroys which antibiotic?

A

Amoxicillin

49
Q

Co-amoxiclav is probs the best antibiotic to have on a desert island - why?

A

Treats everything apart from Pseudomonas and MRSA Can be taken orally or IV

50
Q

Cephalosporins are bactericidal/bacteriostatic, safe/not safe in pregnancy, excreted via kidneys/urine/liver

A

Bactericidal, safe in pregnancy, kidneys + urine

51
Q

Glycopeptides are only active against Gram _ cell walls

52
Q

Name the antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis (3)

A

Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides

53
Q

Gentamicin [aminoglycoside] is bactericidal/bacteriostatic, safe/not safe in pregnancy, excreted via kidneys/urine/liver

A

Both bacteriostatic + bactericidal, not safe in pregnancy, urine

54
Q

Macrolides are bactericidal/bacteriostatic, safe/not safe in pregnancy, excreted via kidneys/urine/liver

A

Bacteriostatic, erythromycin safe in pregnancy, liver

55
Q

Can you name the 3 macrolides?

A

Erythromycin, clarythromycin, azythromycin

56
Q

Gentamicin belongs to which class of antibiotics?

A

Aminoglycosides

57
Q

In what way is gentamicin toxic?

A

Damages kidneys and XIIIth CN

58
Q

Name the antibiotics that act on bacterial DNA

A

Metronidazole, trimethoprim +/- sulphanimide, fluoroquinolones

59
Q

Metronidazole is bactericidal/bacteriostatic, safe/not safe in pregnancy, treats aerobes/anaerobes

A

Bactericidal, safe in pregnancy, anaerobes (Clostridium and Bacteroides)

60
Q

Trimethoprim +/- sulphonamide is bactericidal/bacteriostatic, can be combined with sulphonamide to form _____

A

Bacteriostatic, co-trimoxazole

61
Q

Give examples of fluoroquinalones (2)

A

Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin

62
Q

What is PVL?

A

Severe strain of MRSA causing skin infections such as necrotizing fascitis

63
Q

The 4 antibiotics that most commonly cause C diff infection are…

A

Ciprofloxacin Co-amoxiclav Clindamycin Cephalosporins (ceftriaxone)

Y1 PRINCIPLES (10 decks)

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