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microbio Flashcards

1
Q

give the 3 DNA characteristics of eukaryotes

A

DNA in nucleus, surrounded by membrane
DNA in several chromosomes
DNA associated with histones and nonhistone proteins

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2
Q

Algae, fungi, protozoa are examples of

A

eukaryotes

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3
Q

First living cells were

A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

states that organelles inside eukaryotic cells arose from engulfed prokaryotic cells

A

Endosymbiotic theory:

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5
Q

Ancestors of mitochondria were

A

O2-requiring bacteria

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6
Q

Ancestors of chloroplasts were

A

photosynthetic bacteria

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7
Q

the 5 common External Structures of eukaryotes are

A

Flagella
Cilia
Glycocalyx
Cell Wall (fungi)
Plasma membrane

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8
Q

A Polysaccharide composed of fibers, capsule or slime layer

A

Glycocalyx

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9
Q

the cell wall of algae is composed of

A

cellulose, pectin, mannans, SiO2, CaCO3

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10
Q

the cell wall of most fungi is composed of

A

chitin (poly NAG)

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11
Q

the cell wall of yeasts is composed of

A

glucan and mannan

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12
Q

the cell wall of protozoa is composed of

A

pellicle instead of cell wall

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13
Q

Internal Structures of eukaryotes

A

Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum / ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Cytoskeleton

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14
Q

most prominent organelle of eucaryotic cell

A

nucleus

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15
Q

an internal structure by which the nuclear envelope is composed of two parallel membranes separated by a narrow space & is perforated with pores

A

nucleus

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16
Q

an internal structure that contains chromosomes

A

nucleus

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17
Q

dark area for rRNA synthesis & ribosome assembly

A

nucleolus

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18
Q

originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelop & extends in a continuous network through cytoplasm

A

RER

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19
Q

First step in secretory pathway.

A

proteins are synthesized & shunted into the ER for packaging & transport

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20
Q

closed tubular network without ribosomes, functions in nutrient processing, synthesis & storage of lipids, membrane (lipids) etc.

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

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21
Q

functions for transport and modification of compounds

A

Golgi body

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22
Q

vesicles containing enzymes

A

Lysosomes

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23
Q

involved in intracellular digestion of food particles & in protection against invading microbes

A

Lysosomes

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24
Q

folds of mitochondria are called

A

cristae

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25
Q

consists of an outer membrane & an inner membrane with folds called cristae

A

Mitochondria

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26
Q

it holds the enzymes & electron carriers of areobic respiration

A

cristae

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27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Chloroplasts are larger than mitochondria

A

TRUE

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28
Q

primary producers of organic nutrients for other organisms

A

Chloroplasts

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29
Q

flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments & microtubules form network throughout cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

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30
Q

involved in movement of cytoplasm, ameboid movement, transport, & structural support

A

cytoskeleton

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31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than procaryotic ribosomes

A

TRUE

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32
Q

ribosomes are composed of

A

rRNA and proteins

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33
Q

Eukaryotic “Microbes” includes

A

Fungi
Protists
Algae
Protozoan parasites
Helminths (multicellular animals)

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34
Q

Largest living beings

A

Fungi

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35
Q

____ are long filaments

A

hyphae

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36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Fungi Are Dimorphic

A

TRUE

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37
Q

Fungi Are Dimorphic because:

A

it has yeastlike and moldlike growth

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38
Q

fungal reproduction are primarily through ______ formed on special reproductive hyphae

A

spores

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39
Q

spores are formed through budding or in conidia or sporangiospores

A

asexual reproduction

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40
Q

spores are formed following fusion of male & female strains & formation of sexual structure

A

sexual reproduction

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41
Q

____ are free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac.

A

Conidia (conidiospores)

42
Q

are formed by successive cleavages within a saclike head called a sporangium, which is attached to a stalk, the sporangiophore.

A

Sporangiospores

43
Q

Fungi are heterotrophs (chemoheterotrophs), that feed by ________

A

absorptive nutrition:

44
Q

growth temperature of fungi

45
Q

give the Importance of Fungi:

A
  • decomposers
  • mutualistic symbionts with plants: mycorrhizae
  • parasites/pathogens: cause some diseases in plants and people
  • economically useful to people (food, medicine, hallucinogens, alcohol/bread production)
46
Q

enumerate the 5 groups of fungi

A

Chytridiomycetes
Zygomycetes
Glomeromycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

47
Q

Aquatic with flagellated cells group of fungi

A

Chytridiomycetes

48
Q

molds responsible for rotting of foods such as bread, peaches, strawberries, and sweet potatoes.

A

Zygomycetes

49
Q

black bread mold is called

50
Q

Rhizopus (black bread mold) produce ____

51
Q

“Vesicular-arbuscular” mycorrhizae

A

Glomeromycetes

52
Q

symbiotic (mutualistic) association between a fungus and the roots of a plant

A

mycorrhiza

53
Q

essential for the growth of many plants: help plant to absorb water & mineral nutrients (esp. Phosphorous)

A

mycorrhizae

54
Q

All united by having an ascus

A

Ascomycetes (Ascomycota)

55
Q

sac containing walled spores (ascospores)

56
Q

Two major groups of Ascomycetes are:

A

Hemiascomycetes
Euascomycetes

57
Q

a group of ascomycetes with
no fruiting structure

A

Hemiascomycetes

58
Q

a group of ascomycetes with fruiting structure

A

Euascomycetes

59
Q

Infects rye: “Ergotism” or “St. Anthony’s Fire”,

A

Ergot [Claviceps purpurea]

60
Q

Caused hallucinations, miscarriages, madness, convulsions, death in europe on 600 BC

A

Ergot [Claviceps purpurea]

60
Q

Medincinal value of ergot:: used to treat migraine headaches.

A

Ergotamine

60
Q

Medincinal value of ergot:used to induce labor [causes uterine contractions, prevents hemmorage.]

A

Ergonovine

61
Q

1943, _______ Swiss chemical plant, studied ergot alkaloids, all of which have lysergic acid as a base; added diethylamide to make lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

A

Albert Hoffman

62
Q

penicillium belongs to which group of fungi?

A

Euascomycetes

63
Q

yeast belongs to which group of fungi?

A

ascomycetes

64
Q

used in production of soy sauce and
other flavorings

A

Aspergillus, Euascomycetes

65
Q

some species of aspergillus grow on nuts, produce ________

A

carcinogenic aflatoxins

65
Q

used in production of sake (Japanese alchoholic beverage; breaks down starches to sugars)

A

Aspergillus, Euascomycetes

65
Q

Basidiomycetes (Basidiomycota) include

A

Mushrooms
Shelf fungi
Puffballs
Jelly fungi

66
Q
  • site of meiosis in basidiomycetes - spores (basidiospores) extruded to outside
67
Q

examples of Basidiocarps: with mostly dikaryotic hyphae

A

Puffballs
mushrooms
shelf fungi

68
Q

Importance of Basidiomycetes

A

Important decomposers

69
Q

Edible basidiomycetes

A

Agaricus bisporus, Shitake

70
Q

Poisonous basidiomycetes

A

Amanita spp. Destroying Angel

71
Q

Can grow in extreme habitats (e.g., endolithic lichens in Antarctica)
But, very sensitive to air pollution

72
Q

Fungi have keratinase – degrade keratin on skin, nails and hair

A

Cutaneous mycoses

73
Q

Special problems in immunocompromised hosts

A

Systemic mycoses

74
Q

photosynthetic protists

75
Q

examples of algae

A

kelps, seaweeds, euglenids, green algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, brown algae, & red seaweeds

76
Q

algae are classified according to:

A

classified according to types of pigments & cell wall

77
Q

Dinoflagellate algae that causes red tide

A

Pfiesteria piscicida

78
Q

most are unicellular, colonies are rare
most have locomotor structures – flagella, cilia, or pseudopods

79
Q

lack a cell wall & chloroplasts
can exist in trophozoite- motile feeding stage or cyst – a dormant resistant stage

80
Q

are all protozoa heterotrophic?

81
Q

Groups based on locomotion & reproduction (protozoa)

A

Mastigophora – flagellates
Sarcodina – amebas
Ciliophora – ciliates
Apicomplexa – all parasites motility not well developed; produce unique reproductive structures

82
Q

causes malaria
fever, chills, anemia
transmitted by mosquito bite

A

Plasmodium falciparum

83
Q

symptoms of malaria include

A

fever, chills, anemia

84
Q

infects small intestines
has no mitochondria

A

Giardia lamblia: giardiasis

85
Q

infects nervous system and heart
carried by kissing bugs

A

Chaga’s Disease

86
Q

pathogenic bacteria in Chaga’s Disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

87
Q

characteristics of helminths

A

Highly specialized to live inside hosts
May lack digestive system
Reduced nervous system
Reduced locomotion or lacking
Reproductive system is complex

88
Q

example of Pathogenic Helminths

A

Flukes
Tapeworms
Hook worms
Pin Worms

89
Q

5 evidences of endosymbiotic theory

A

size
two membranes
circular DNA
mitochondria
chloroplasts

90
Q

rRNA is produced from which part of the cell

91
Q

lysosomes are created by

92
Q

expansion of fungi is due to

93
Q

main decomposers of the planet

94
Q

black knot

A

Dibotryon morbosum

95
Q

Primary medical threat of algae

A

neurotoxins

96
Q

caused by exposure to schistosome-infested
water

A

Cercarial dermatitis

97
Q

Asian Liver fluke

A

Trematodes

98
Q

tapeworms

chap5 (3 decks)

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