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BIOL 20035 > Microbial Structures and Functions > Flashcards

Microbial Structures and Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the staining technique used to differentiate gram-positive and gram-negative?

A

Gram staining

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2
Q

This is a part of the internal cell that contains extrachromosomal DNA which carry genes that confer protective trait that may be duplicated and passed on to an offspring.

A

Plasmid

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3
Q

The outer membrane is present in __________. Is it gram-positive or gram-negative?

A

Gram-negative

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4
Q

What are the appendages of prokaryotic cells?

A

Glycocalyx, Flagella, Fimbriae, Pili

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5
Q

What is the semi-rigid covering that protects, give shape and structural support to the cell?

A

Cell wall

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6
Q

What is the 1st step in gram staining?

A

Obtain a loopful inoculum of your sample

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7
Q

This is the outer layer of the cell that is usually made up of bound polysaccharides on the cell surface and superficial layer of unbound proteoglycans and glycoproteins.

A

Glycocalyx

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8
Q

What is long, slender, threadlike, whip-like extension of certain cells or unicellular organisms used mainly for movement and others for signal transduction?

A

Flagella

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9
Q

What is the 7th step in gram staining?

A

If the bacteria is gram-negative, additional stain is needed because the color of the bacteria will turn back to transparent. This means you won’t be able to observe it under the microscope.

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10
Q

What is the 8th step in gram staining?

A

Observe under microscope.

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11
Q

What do you call the composition of the cell wall of an archaean organism?

A

Pseudomurein

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12
Q

What is the function of glycocalyx?

A

Adhesion, protection, reception

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13
Q

This is the primary or determining stain and is used whether the bacteria is gram-negative or gram-positive.

A

Crystal violet

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14
Q

Why do the crystal violet wash off when the bacteria is gram-negative? (Bakit nawa-wash off yung crystal violet kapag gram-negative yung bacteria?)

A

Because gram-negative bacteria has a thinner peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan harbors the crystal violet stain. The thicker the peptidoglycan is, the thicker the stain of crystal violet will retain. When you stain it with crystal violet and then decolorize it with alcohol, the alcohol reacts with peptidoglycan. It became dehydrated making it impossible for the crystal violet to escape the cell.

Additionally, the presence of the outer membrane layer in a gram-negative bacteria allows the crystal violet stain to be washed off.

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15
Q

Why do spoluration occur?

A

This happens when the bacteria is expose to a harsh condition like when dehydrated or lacks food. It retrieves its dying population by having spores on the cell. The spore contains important genetic material and internal cell component to germinate and live again if there is food available again.

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16
Q

This is another cell extension or appendages that has flagella-like fibrils that wrap around the cell of spirochetes and then rotates forming a corkscrew motion that is limited by the actual cell for its movement.

A

Axial filaments

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17
Q

The bacterial cell wall is composed of __________.

A

Peptidoclycan or Murein

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18
Q

What are the 2 forms of glycocalyx?

A

Slime layer (for adhesion) and Capsule (more rigid and sturdy, for protection)

19
Q

What is the 4th step of gram staining?

A

Primary staining with crystal violet. The smear will turn purple regardless if it’s gram-positive or gram-negative.

20
Q

How does flagella move?

A

counter-clockwise

21
Q

What do you call the form of flagellin with a single unit of flagella and is found in the basal part of the cell?

A

Monotrichous

22
Q

What do you use to intensify the staining?

A

Gram’s iodine

23
Q

It is a minute particle composed of protein and ribonucleic acid that serves as the site of protein synthesis and is a part of internal cell.

A

Ribosome

24
Q

What is the lipid content of gram-positive?

A

Low

25
Q

Enumerate the parts of internal cell.

A

Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Chromosomes, Ribosomes, Inclusions, Endospores, Plasmid

26
Q

What is the bristle like extensions on the covering of the cell that functions in adhesion to surfaces or other cell?

A

Fimbriae

27
Q

What is the composition of pseudomurein, the composition of archaean cell wall?

A

NAG (N-acetylglucosamine) and NAT (N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid)

28
Q

What happens when a healthy cell is expose to an adverse condition?

A

Septation will occur inside and form a spore coat, coating the important genetic factors and added nutrition. When the mother cell dies, the spore coat or endospore was all that is left, being a free endospore. When the food or water became available or the condition is optimum, the endospore can generate again forming a new healthy vegetative cell.

29
Q

What is the 3rd step in gram staining?

A

Heat fix. You run it through the flame for it to stick to the slide and to dehydrate the excess water.

30
Q

Enumerate the layers of the gram-negative bacteria.

A

Glycocalyx, Outer membrane, Peptidoglycan, Periplasmic space, Plasma membrane

31
Q

Gram-positive or gram-negative: What has a thinner peptidoglycan?

A

Gram-negative

32
Q

What form of flagellin has flagella on every side side of the cell?

A

Peritrichous

33
Q

What do you call the flagella found on archaean organisms?

A

Archaella

34
Q

What is the secondary stain in gram staining?

A

Methyl red

35
Q

This is an abnormal structure in a cell nucleus or cytoplasm and is part of internal cell that is an added nutrition in the cell.

A

Inclusions

36
Q

What is the 2nd step of gram staining?

A

Put the sample in a slide to smear it and distribute it evenly.

37
Q

How do the flagella change in direction?

A

It will turn clockwise for it to disperse and enables the change of direction towards where it want to go.

38
Q

This is a filamentous projection of a cell that functions in adhesion to other cell for ‘mating’ or transfer of genetic material and is a appendage.

A

Pili/Pilus

39
Q

What is the form of flagellin that has either a single or many units of flagella found on both sides of the cell?

A

Amphitrichous

40
Q

What is the 6th step of the gram staining?

A

Decolorize with alcohol, determining if the bacteria is gram-negative or gram-positive

41
Q

The movement of flagella is powered by _________.

A

Proton motive force

42
Q

What is the 5th step of gram staining?

A

Intensify the stain with mordant that has gram’s iodine

43
Q

What form of flagellin has many units or lumps of flagella that can be found on the basal side of the cell?

A

Lophotrichous

44
Q

Enumerate the 3 division of prokaryotic cell

A

Appendages, Cell wall, Internal cell

BIOL 20035 (4 decks)

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