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Microbiology > Microbial Metabolism, Growth, and Genetics > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism, Growth, and Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are humans unable to do in their own bodies?

A

Alcohol fermentation.

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2
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy which is used for carbon fixation, cyanobacteria, algae, and green plants all contribute to this vital recycling of carbon.

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3
Q

How are phototrophs different from chemotrophs?

A

Phototrophs use light energy while chemotrophs use chemical energy from oxidation-reduction reactions.

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4
Q

How are autotrophs different from heterotrophs?

A

Autotrophs use inorganic carbon (CO2), while heterotrophs use organic carbon (organotrophs).

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5
Q

Which microorganisms are the most medically important?

A

Chemoheterotrophs.

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6
Q

Define psychrophils?

A

Cold loving microbes, maximal growth is at about 10°C.

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7
Q

Define psychrotrophs?

A

Maximal growth at about 20°C.

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8
Q

Define mesophils?

A

Moderate temp loving microbes, maximal growth at about 37°C.

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9
Q

Define thermophiles?

A

Heat loving microbes, maximal growth at about 90°C.

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10
Q

Define minimum growth temperature?

A

The lowest temperature at which a species will grow.

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11
Q

Define optimum growth temperature?

A

The temperature at which a microbe grows the best.

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12
Q

Define maximum growth temperature?

A

The highest temperature at which growth is possible.

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13
Q

What is the range at which most bacteria grow?

A

Minimum and maximum temperature being 30°C apart.

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14
Q

What is the pH most bacteria grow best at?

A

Between 6.5 and 7.5.

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15
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Require O2 to live.

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16
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Use O2 when present but are able to continue growth in its absence.

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17
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Are unable to use O2 and are harmed by its presence.

18
Q

What are aerotolerant anaerobes?

A

Can’t use O2 for growth but tolerate O2 fairly well.

19
Q

What are microaerophiles?

A

Grow only in O2 concentrations lower than in air.

20
Q

What is selective media?

A

By inhibiting unwanted microorganisms with salts, dyes, or other chemicals, selective media allow growth of only the desired microorganism.

21
Q

What is differential media?

A

Used to distinguish among different microorganisms.

22
Q

What is streak plate dilution?

A

Bacteria is smeared onto a place and continuously diluted until a single colony can be separated and looked at separately.

23
Q

How do you preserve a bacterial culture short term?

A

Refrigeration.

24
Q

How do you preserve a bacterial culture long term?

A

Deep freezing or lyophilization (freeze-drying).

25
Q

Define generation time?

A

The time required for a cell to divide or a population to double.

26
Q

What is the logarithmic progression of bacterial populations?

A

Bacterial division occurs according to logarithmic progression (2 cells to 4 cells to 8 cells etc.).

27
Q

What is the lag phase of growth?

A

Little or no change in the number of cells but metabolic activity is high.

28
Q

What is the log phase of growth?

A

Bacteria multiply at the fastest rate possible under the conditions provided.

29
Q

Which phase is most sensitive to antibiotics?

A

Log phase.

30
Q

What is the stationary phase of growth?

A

Cell division and cell death are equal.

31
Q

What is the death phase of growth?

A

Number of cell death exceeds the number of new cells formed.

32
Q

What is the best way to count cell numbers?

A

Spectrophotometer.

33
Q

What does a spectrophotometer do?

A

Measures the amount of light that passes through a suspension of cells.

34
Q

Define sterilization?

A

Process of destroying all forms of microbial life on an object or in a material, it is absolute.

35
Q

Define disinfection?

A

Process of reducing or inhibiting microbial growth by disinfectant.

36
Q

Define antisepsis?

A

Chemical disinfection of the skin, mucous membranes, or other living tissue.

37
Q

Define germicide?

A

Chemical agent that rapidly kills microbes but not necessarily their endospores.

38
Q

Define bacteriostasis?

A

A condition in which bacterial growth and multiplication are inhibited but bacteria are not killed (refrigeration).

39
Q

Define asepsis?

A

Absence of pathogens from an object or area, aseptic technique is deigned to prevent the entry of pathogens into the body (mask).

40
Q

Define degerming?

A

The removal of transient microbes from the skin by mechanical cleansing or by the use of an antiseptic (alcohol swabs).

Microbiology (2 decks)

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