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Microbiology > Introduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

Science that studies microorganisms.

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2
Q

What is a microorganism?

A

Living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

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3
Q

What is bacteriology?

A

The study of bacteria.

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4
Q

What is mycology?

A

The study of fungi.

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5
Q

What is protozoology?

A

The study of protozoans.

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6
Q

What is algae biology?

A

The study of algae.

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7
Q

What is virology?

A

The study of viruses.

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8
Q

What is parasitology?

A

The study of parasites.

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9
Q

What are the normal flora?

A

Collection of microorganisms that colonize the body without causing any disease.

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10
Q

What are the two types of normal flora?

A

Resident and transient flora.

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11
Q

What is the difference between resident and transient flora?

A

Resident is relatively fixed or permanent, regrow if distributed, located in eye, nose, throat, mouth, skin, etc. Transient is derived from local environment, stay for days, weeks, or months, then disappear depending on host conditions.

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12
Q

What are the two factors that determine whether a person will contract a disease?

A

Disease causing properties of microorganisms and the body’s defence or the host’s resistance.

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13
Q

What measurements do we primarily deal in for microorganisms?

A

Micrometers and nanometers.

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14
Q

What are the two sets of lenses in a microscope?

A

Ocular (eyepiece) and objective, visible light is the source of illumination.

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15
Q

What magnification is the ocular lens?

A

10 X.

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16
Q

What magnification is the objective lens?

A

There is multiple, 4 X (scan), 10 X (low power), 40 X, 43 X, 45 X (high dry power), and 100 X (oil immersion or high power.

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17
Q

What is the total magnification calculated?

A

Multiplying magnification of ocular lens with magnification of objective lens.

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18
Q

What are stains?

A

Salts composed of a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion, the colour of basic dyes is in the cation, while the colour of acidic dyes is in the anion.

19
Q

What is an example of how staining works?

A

Bacteria are slightly negatively charged, so basic dye will stain bacterial cells, while acidic dye will stain the background of bacterial smear (negative staining).

20
Q

What is a gram stain?

A

A procedure to to divide bacteria into two large groups, gram-positive and gram-negative.

21
Q

How does gram staining work?

A

Heat-fixed smear -> basic dye (crystal violet) applied as primary stain shows purple -> washed off -> iodine added -> alcohol (decolorization) -> rinsed off -> basic dye used as counterstain -> washed off -> blotted dry -> gram positive shows purple and gram negative shows pink.

22
Q

What is an acid-fast stain?

A

Binds strongly to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls.

23
Q

What are acid-fast stains and gram stains?

A

Differential stains.

24
Q

What is an example of a special stain?

A

Negative staining for capsules.

25
Q

What is negative staining for capsules?

A

This procedure stains the cell capsules as they are hard to stain, this creates a halo effect around the cells to show the capsules on a dark background, the capsule determines virulence.

26
Q

What is an endospore?

A

Special, resistant, dormant structures formed within certain bacterial cells, protect bacteria from adverse environmental conditions.

27
Q

What is spore staining?

A

Stains endospores.

28
Q

What is a TEM?

A

Transmission electron microscope.

29
Q

What is a SEM?

A

Scanning electron microscope.

30
Q

How is a TEM different from a SEM?

A

A TEM is for looking at thin cross sectioned slices of specimen while a SEM is for 3D views of intact organisms to see the whole thing.

31
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Primitive cells, such as bacteria, lack membrane-bound nucleus or organelles.

32
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Advanced cells, such as plant and animal cells, have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, grow by mitosis, and reproduce by meiosis.

33
Q

What are the basic cell shapes?

A

Spherical (coccus), rod-shaped (bacillus), and twisted (spiral).

34
Q

What are the cocci cell arrangements?

A

Diplococci (in pairs), streptococci (chainlike paterns), and staphylococci (grape like clusters).

35
Q

What are the bacilli cell arrangements?

A

Diplobacilli (in pairs), streptobacilli (in chains), coccobacilli (like cocci) but mostly are single rods.

36
Q

What are the spiral cell arrangements?

A

One or more twists, never straight, including vibrio (like comma), spirillum (like corkscrew), with flagella, and spirochete (helical and flexible) without flagella.

37
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

A structure external to the cell wall, gelatinous polysaccharide or polypeptide covering, can be capsule or slime layer.

38
Q

What is a capsule?

A

Firmly attached to the cell wall, determined by negative staining and contribute to bacterial virulence.

39
Q

What is a slime layer?

A

Loosely attached to the cell wall with adhesive property.

40
Q

What is the flagella?

A

Long threadlike appendages that propel bacteria.

41
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Encloses the cytoplasm, is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded, shows selective permeability, carries enzymes for metabolic activities, and can be destroyed by alcohols.

42
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Fluid component inside the plasma membrane.

43
Q

What is the nuclear area or nucleoid region?

A

Contains DNA of the bacterial chromosome (single, long, circular, and double stranded).

44
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Extrachromosomal genetic elements (small, circular, and double stranded DNA).

Microbiology (2 decks)

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