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BSCI 2150 > Microbial Metabolism and Growth > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism and Growth Flashcards

1
Q

No matter how microbes obtain their energy source, what do they generally want to use for this?

A

Glucose

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2
Q

How do chemoheterotrophs get their glucose?

A

By importing it directly using transporters

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3
Q

How do chemoautotrophs get their glucose?

A

By fixing carbon to create glucose themselves using the Calvin Cycle

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4
Q

Why do microbes use glucose specifically?

A

-Glucose is a great electron donor
-Oxygen is a great electron acceptor

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5
Q

What are the phases of bacterial growth?

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Log phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Death phase
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6
Q

Lag phase of bacterial growth

A

no increase in # of living bacterial cells

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7
Q

Log phase of bacterial growth

A

exponential increase in # of living bacterial cells

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8
Q

Stationary phase of bacterial growth

A

plateau in # of living bacterial cells; rate of cell division and death ~ equal

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9
Q

Death phase of bacterial growth

A

exponential decrease in # of living bacterial cells

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10
Q

Which is easier to metabolize? Glucose or lactose

A

glucose

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11
Q

Why is glucose easier to metabolize than lactose?

A

Lactose produces 2 glucose molecules BUT at the cost of 2 additional ATP and 6 enzymes

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12
Q

How do protons power ATP synthase?

A

Via proton motive force

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13
Q

Since prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes are metabolically diverse and flexible, what ability do they have regarding metabolic strategies?

A

They are able to quickly adjust metabolic strategies within a single cell type

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14
Q

In the absence of C6 or C4, some bacteria can use ____ with the ____________ cycle.

A

C2, glyoxylate

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15
Q

Isocitrate lyase

A

Bypasses number of TCA steps and creates an intermediate -> glyoxylate

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16
Q

Glyoxylate Cycle

A

Allows microbes to grow off of fatty acids as fatty acid degradation produces acetate

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17
Q

What are the variations on traditional aerobic central metabolism?

A
  1. Glyoxylate cycle
  2. Mixed Acid Fermentation
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18
Q

Mixed Acid Fermentation

A

-Anaerobic, low energy
-Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid (recover 1 NAD)
-Acetyl CoA is converted to ethanol and acetate (Recover 2 NAD, gain 1 ATP)

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19
Q

Lactic acid bacteria can “___________” and is why they are often considered “___________.”

A

niche construct, keystone species

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20
Q

Niche Construction

A

A process where organisms change their environment in ways that can affect the evolutionary dynamics of themselves and of other organisms

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21
Q

Keystone Species

A

A species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically

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22
Q

Is lactic acid fermentation a type of anaerobic respiration?

A

No because cellular respiration has a specific definition

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23
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The act of oxidizing highly reduced compounds (FADH, NADH) to establish an electrochemical gradient (often a proton gradient) across a membrane. Protons moved down the gradient (across the membrane) through the proton channel of ATP synthase, creating ATP.

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24
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Terminal electron receptor is oxygen

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25
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Terminal electron receptor is a non-oxygen inorganic molecule

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26
Q

Common alternative electron donors

A
  1. Ammonium
  2. Sulfur compounds
  3. Iron
27
Q

Common alternative electron acceptors

A
  1. Nitrate
  2. Sulfate
  3. Manganese and iron = common metal electron acceptors
28
Q

Rhizosphere

A

population of microorganisms that inhabit the area around a plant root

29
Q

Most nitrifying bacteria are only able to do _______ step of oxidizing ammonia/ammonium > nitrite > nitrate

A

one

30
Q

What microbes can do both steps of oxidizing ammonia/ammonium?

A

Comammox (Complete Ammonia Oxidation)
ex: Nitrospira

31
Q

Pro and con of Nitrification

A

Pro: great for plants > fertilizer
Con: Source of pollution from run-off

32
Q

Completion of the nitrogen cycle by ____________ is critical for ecosystem health.

A

denitrification (reducing NO3 to N2)

33
Q

Denitrifying bacteria can be used for _________.

A

bioremediation

34
Q

Bioremediation

A

use of microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants

35
Q

What microbe can be used to biomine for gold?

A

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

36
Q

What is biomining?

A

extracting metals from ores or waste by using microorganisms

37
Q

Geobacter spp. have special cytochromes on conductive pilli (__________) that transfer electrons to Fe3+ containing minerals.

A

nanowires

38
Q

What is Rhodoferax ferrireducens and what can it be used for?

A

It is a facultative anaerobe that can use Fe(III) as a terminal electron receptor in the absence of oxygen to harness energy.

39
Q

What are some applications for microbial batteries?

A

MEDICINE:
-ingestible endoscopy
-anti-cancer precision therapies
-anti-psychotics precision therapies

40
Q

Summary of chemoheterotroph metabolism based on energy source

A
  1. organic electron donor
  2. Electron transport/generation of pmf (or Fermentation)
  3. S0, SO4, NO3 > anaerobic respiration/O2 > aerobic respiration
41
Q

Summary of chemoautotroph metabolism based on energy source

A
  1. Inorganic electron donor (H2, H2S, Fe2+, NH4+, etc.)
  2. Electron transport/generation of pmf
  3. S0/SO4/NO3- > anaerobic/O2 > aerobic respiration
42
Q

What is proton motor force (pmf)?

A

The key energy generation and microbial physiology; the electrochemical gradient of protons across bacteria cytoplasmic membrane

43
Q

What is PMF essential for?

A

variety of critical bacterial processes (ATP synthesis, flagellar motility, and nutrient import)

44
Q

In respirating organisms, what drives ATP synthesis?

A

PMF

45
Q

In motile cells, what drives flagellar movement?

A

PMF

46
Q

What environmental condition might be problematic for maintaining PMF?

A

Alkaline conditions (high pH)

47
Q

In times of depleted PMF, what happens to help maintain the electrochemical gradient?

A

ATP synthase can reverse to export H+ at the expense of ATP

48
Q

Why is PMF depletion less important for flagellum?

A

Motility is not essential during alkaline shock, cells can just stop swimming. However, import of resources and generating biomolecules to maintain cell structure needs PMF.

49
Q

What do most bacterial flagellum run on?

A

hydrogen ions

50
Q

What do alkaliphile flagellum run on?

A

sodium ions

51
Q

Where are alkaliphile viruses/diseases most active during infection?

A

upper intestine: low pH
lower intestine: high pH
-LOWER

52
Q

What do photosynthetic bacteria use to generate PMF?

A

light

53
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

blue-green algae

54
Q

Salinibacter ruber

A

red bacteria

55
Q

Sulfur bacteria

A

purple

56
Q

What are the two major types of photosynthetic metabolism?

A

anoxygenic and oxygenic

57
Q

What metabolism and pigment does purple sulfur bacteria use?

A

anoxygenic and bacteriochlorophyll a

58
Q

What metabolism and pigment does cyanobacteria use?

A

oxygenic and chlorophyll a

59
Q

What earth event are cyanobacteria associated with?

A

great oxidation event (in the evolution of life on earth)

60
Q

What does Chlorophyll a absorb and reflect?

A

absorbs: red/blue
reflects: green
top of ocean

61
Q

What does Bacteriochlorophyll a absorb and reflect?

A

absorbs: ultraviolet rays
reflects: infrared
bottom of ocean

62
Q

What are antenna complexes?

A

made up of arrangements of Chlorophylls or Bacteriochlorophylls to help funnel photons to the Reaction Center

63
Q

What is the Reaction Center?

A

the site of primary energy conversion and the initial electron acceptor for the electron transport chain (reflect, concentrate, power PMF)

BSCI 2150 (11 decks)

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