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Microbial Genetics and Metabolism > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Commercially or medically important bacterial products

A

Lactococcus and Lactobacillus, Streptococcus mutants

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2
Q

Important in laboratory

A

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter

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3
Q

Importance of Microbial Metabolism

A

-Model for studying metabolic pathways and processes in eukaryotic cells
-Potential targets for antimicrobial drugs

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4
Q

All chemical changes occurring in a
microorganism during its growth and
development for healthy and stable
maintenance

A

Microbial Metabolism

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5
Q

Two classes of chemical reactions

A

-Anabolism
-Catabolism

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6
Q

Release free energy and reducing power that are captured in the form of ATP and NADPH, respectively.

A

Oxidative, exergonic pathways of catabolism

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7
Q

Consuming chemical energy in the form of ATP and using NADPH as a source of high energy electrons for reductive purposes.

A

Anabolic process, endergonic

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8
Q

Transfer energy from ATP to complex molecules

A

Anabolic reactions

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9
Q

Transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP

A

Catabolic reactions

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10
Q

Metabolic pathways are a series of reactions catalyzed by:

A

Multiple enzymes

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11
Q

Energy and Carbon Sources Used by
Different Groups of Prokaryotes

A

Photoautotroph, Photoheterotroph, Chemolithoautotroph, Chemoorganoheterotroph

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12
Q

Energy source: Sunlight
Carbon Source: Carbon dioxide

A

Photoautotroph

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13
Q

Energy Source: Sunlight
Carbon source: Organic compounds

A

Photoheterotroph

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14
Q

Energy source: Inorganic chemicals
Carbon Source: Carbon dioxide

A

Chemolithoautotroph

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15
Q

Energy source: Organic compounds
Carbon source: Organic compounds

A

Chemoorganoheterotroph

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16
Q

❑ “sugar splitting”
❑ occurs in cytosol of bacteria
❑ converts glucose (6-C) to pyruvate (3-C)
❑ can occur in the absence of oxygen
❑ enzyme-mediated

A

Glycolysis

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17
Q
  • gross energy yield (Glycolysis) =
A

4 ATP + 2 NADH

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18
Q
  • net energy yield (Glycolysis) =
A

2 ATP + 2 NADH

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19
Q

❑ phosphogluconate pathway or hexose monophosphate shunt
❑ other metabolic pathway used by cells to break down glucose
❑ generates NADPH, ribose 5-phosphate, and erythrose 4-phosphate
(intermediates)

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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20
Q

❑ aerobic (O2-requiring) breakdown of nutrients with accompanying synthesis
of ATP
❑ comprises three stages in the metabolic breakdown of glucose
❑ takes place in the cytoplasm

A

Aerobic Respiration

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21
Q

three stages in the metabolic breakdown of glucose:

A

❑ transition step/conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
❑ Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle
❑ oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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22
Q

❑ pyruvate converted to acetyl coenzyme A
❑ undergoes chemical modification/ “grooming”

A

Transition Step

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23
Q

Chemical Modification/”grooming”

A

❑ removal of carboxyl group from pyruvate and given off as CO2
❑ 2-C compound is oxidized, NAD+ is reduced to NADH
❑ coenzyme A joins the 2-C compound forming acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

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24
Q

 Energy yield (per glucose in Transition Step):

A

2 NADH

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25
Q

Each pyruvic acid molecule is broken down to form CO2 and a two-carbon acetyl group, which enters the Krebs cycle

A

Transition Reaction

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26
Q

❑ named after Hans Krebs
❑ also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle
❑ yields more energy than glycolysis

A

Krebs Cycle

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27
Q

❑ Energy yield (per glucose in Krebs cycle):

A

2 ATP +6 NADH + 2 FADH2

28
Q

❑ final stage of cellular respiration
❑ “big energy payoff” stage
❑ uses electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
❑ located in the cell membrane

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

29
Q

membrane-embedded electron carriers that pass electrons sequentially from one to another

A

Electron transport chain

30
Q

movement of ions (H+) down their electrochemical gradient that generates ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

31
Q

Electron carriers (4)

A

❑ I – flavoprotein (flavin monunucleotide)
❑ II – Fe-S protein
❑ Quinone (Q)- non-protein mobile carrier ; aka CoQ
❑ Cytochrome (C) – mobile carrier; Q to oxygen

32
Q

– enzyme
that makes ATP from
ADP and inorganic
phosphate
- uses energy of ion
gradient top power
ATP synthesis

A

ATP synthase

33
Q

❑ varied types and arrangement of electron transport chain components
❑ could provide a mechanism to distinguish certain types of bacteria

A

Electron Transport Chain of Prokaryotes

34
Q

Detects the presence of an enzyme “oxidase” produced by certain
bacteria which will reduce the dye – tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine
dihydrochloride.

A

Oxidase Test

35
Q

Positive test in Oxidase test is indicated by the development of a _________________

A

Purple Color

36
Q

Oxidase positive:

A

Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Neisseria

37
Q

Oxidase negative:

A

Salmonella, Shigella

38
Q

Energy conversion:

A

1 NADH = 3ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

39
Q

The balance sheet of aerobic respiration
(Glycolysis substrate-level phosphorylation)

A

2 ATP

40
Q

The balance sheet of aerobic respiration
(Glycolysis NADH conversion (2 NADH))

A

6 ATP

41
Q

The balance sheet of aerobic respiration
(Transition step (2 NADH))

A

6 ATP

42
Q

The balance sheet of aerobic respiration
(Krebs cycle substrate-level phosphorylation)

A

2 ATP

43
Q

The balance sheet of aerobic respiration
(Krebs cycle: NADH )

A

18 ATP

44
Q

The balance sheet of aerobic respiration
(Krebs cycle: FADH2)

A

4 ATP

45
Q

Total ATP in aerobic respiration

A

38 ATP

46
Q

❑ oxygen is not the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
❑ less efficient form of energy transformation than aerobic respiration
❑ less amount of energy is released in the reduction of inorganic chemicals
other than molecular oxygen
❑ anaerobic or facultative bacteria

A

Anaerobic Respiration

47
Q

Sulfate reduction

A

Desulfovibro

48
Q

Carbon dioxide reduction

A

Methanobacterium and Methanococcus

49
Q

❑ makes a few ATP molecules
❑ Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are shut down
❑ organic molecule accepts the electrons (not O2)
❑ i.e. E. coli (use any of the three ATP-generating options), LAB (obligate
fermenters), obligate anaerobes

A

Fermentation

50
Q

process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy

A

Photosynthesis

51
Q

Intermediary product of Photosynthesis in Microorganisms

A

ATP

52
Q

Major end-product of Photosynthesis in Microorganisms

A

Glucose

53
Q

❑ process takes place in cell membrane
* contains chlorophyll or chlorophyll-like pigments
* thylakoid membranes (cyanobacteria)
* chlorosomes (green bacteria)
* extensive cell membrane invaginations (purple bacteria)

A

Photosynthesis in Microorganisms

54
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Green Sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, cyanobacteria

55
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Diatoms, dinoflagellates, algae

56
Q

Photosynthesis occurs in the same manner as eukaryotic microorganisms
and green plants

A

Photosynthesis: Cyanobacteria

57
Q

Mg-containing green pigment that absorbs light energy

A

chlorophyll a

58
Q

Light-receiving systems

A

photosystems I and II

59
Q
  • chlorophylls and accessory pigments
  • reaction center pigments
  • antennae pigments
A

Photosystems I and II

60
Q

Chlorophylls and accessory pigments

A

❑ bacteriochlorophylls
❑ carotenoids (photosymthetic prokaryotes and eukaryotes) and phycobilins (cyanobacteria and red algae)

61
Q

purple and green photosynthetic bacteria

A

bacteriochlorophylls

62
Q

electron donors in photosynthetic process

A

reaction center pigments

63
Q

“funnel”, make up antenna complex

A

antennae pigments

64
Q

❑ green sulfur bacteria and purple sulfur bacteria
❑ archaea (extreme halophiles)

A

Photosynthesis: Other Prokaryotes

65
Q

❑ do not use water as source of hydrogen ions
❑ fatty acids and other organic or inorganic substances are used as source of H+ ions
❑ no oxygen is liberated
❑ anoxygenic

A

green sulfur bacteria and purple sulfur bacteria

66
Q

bacteriorhodopsin pigment

A

archaea (extreme halophiles)

Microbial Genetics and Metabolism (2 decks)

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