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1.3 POM Immunology > Microbial Infection > Flashcards

Microbial Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 types of microbial infection?

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Bacteria
  3. Fungi
  4. Protozoa
  5. Helminths
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2
Q

What are viruses?

A

Obligate parasites

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3
Q

Why are viruses not cells?

A

Replicate using host-cell machinery

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4
Q

How do viruses divide? (2)

A
  1. Budding out
  2. Cytolysis
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5
Q

What are the 4 routes of viral infection?

A
  1. Faecal-oral
  2. Airborne
  3. Insect vectors
  4. Blood borne
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6
Q

Are viruses host specific?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are 4 important examples of viral infections?

A
  1. HIV
  2. Small pox
  3. Polio
  4. HPV
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8
Q

What type of virus is HIV and why?

A

Retrovirus
- Reverse transcriptase required to turn RNA to DNA before DNA replication

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9
Q

Which virus was the first to be eradicated?

A

Small pox

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10
Q

Why could smallpox be eradicated? (3)

A
  1. Easily detected by rash
  2. Obligate —> only survive in humans
  3. Good vaccine
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11
Q

Which virus are we close to eradicating?

A

Polio

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12
Q

What type of cell are bacteria and why? (5)

A

Prokaryotes
1. No internal membranes
2. Haploid
3. Poorly defined cytoskeleton
4. Peptidoglycan cell wall
5. Binary fission

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13
Q

What are bacterial cell walls made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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14
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

Binary fission

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15
Q

Why are mutations more likely to have a phenotypic effect in bacteria? (2)

A

Haploid

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16
Q

What are the 8 parts of a bacterial cell?

A
  1. Nucleoid
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Plasma membrane
  5. Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
  6. Capsule (not all)
  7. Pilus
  8. Flagella
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17
Q

What are 7 important examples of bacterial infections?

A
  1. Shigella
  2. Neisseria meningitidis —> meningitis
  3. Clostridium difficile
  4. MRSA
  5. Mycobacterium tuberculosis —> TB
  6. Helicobacter pylori
  7. E.coli
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18
Q

What part of the body does shigella effect?

A

GI tract

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19
Q

How is shigella transmitted?

A

Faecal-oral

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20
Q

What is the infectious dose of shigella?

A

10-100

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21
Q

How does shigella travel round the body?

A

Cell-to-cell spread using host actin
(No flagella)

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22
Q

What does shigella do in the body?

A

Destroy GI tract epithelium —> dysentery

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23
Q

What is the main symptom of neisseria meningitidis?

A

Meningitis

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24
Q

What does neisseria meningitidis cause in the body? (5)

A
  1. Septicaemia
  2. Septic shock
  3. Meningitis
  4. Severe inflammatory response
  5. Petechiae (purple/red spots)
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25
Q

What proportion of people already have neisseria meningitidis as commensal bacteria?

A

20%

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26
Q

What are hospital acquired infections called?

A

Nocosomal

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27
Q

What are the 2 common nosocomial infections?

A
  1. Clostridium difficile
  2. MRSA
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28
Q

Why is learning about tuberculosis important?

A

No1 infectious killer after Covid

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29
Q

How long does treatment take for those with drug-resistant vs non-resistant TB?

A
  1. Non-resistant —> 6 months
  2. Resistant —> 9-12 months
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30
Q

What bacteria causes tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

31
Q

How is TB treatment/prevention developing? (3)

A
  1. New drugs to combat resistance
  2. Better vaccines
  3. Better diagnosis tools
32
Q

What scan is used to identify TB?

A

PET-CT

33
Q

Why is there FDG uptake in TB PET-CT scans?

A

Lots of immune response —> high metabolic activity
—> see heat

34
Q

What does helicobacter pylori cause in the body? (2)

A
  1. Peptic ulcers
  2. Gastric cancer
35
Q

What is unique about helicobacter pylori?

A

Multiple flagella

36
Q

When is E.coli present in the body?

A

Always in non-pathogenic gut

37
Q

When does E.coli become pathogenic?

A

Mutated

38
Q

What is the generation time of E.coli?

A

20 mins

39
Q

What is the generation time of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

20 hours

40
Q

What are the point mutation rates for humans, bacteria and viruses?

A
  • Human —> 10-8
  • Bacteria —> 10-8
  • Viruses —> 10-4
41
Q

Why do bacteria evolve so quickly?

A
  • Short generation time
  • Haploid
42
Q

What are the 3 eukaryotic microbial infectious agents?

A
  1. Fungi
  2. Protozoa
  3. Helminths
43
Q

What type of cells are fungi?

A

Eukaryotic

44
Q

What do fungi cause in the body?

A

Mycoses
1. Cutaneous
2. Mucosal
3. Stystemic

45
Q

What are fungi present as? (2)

A
  1. Yeast
  2. Filaments
46
Q

How does yeast fungi replicate?

A
  1. Bud
  2. Divide
47
Q

What are present in fungi filaments?

A

Cross walls/septa

48
Q

What is an important example of a fungal infection?

A

Candida albicans

49
Q

What are 3 infections caused by candida albicans?

A
  1. Oral thrush
  2. Vaginal yeast infection
  3. Bloodstream infections
50
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms

51
Q

How do protozoa replicate? (2)

A
  1. Binary fission
  2. Trophozoite formation
52
Q

Which 3 parts of the body do protozoa parasites infect?

A
  1. Intestinal
  2. Blood
  3. Tissue
53
Q

How are protozoal infections acquired?

A

Insect vector or by contact with an infected substance/surface

54
Q

What is involved in the life cycle of a protozoa?

A

2 hosts

55
Q

What are 2 important examples of protozoal infections?

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Leishmaniasis
56
Q

Which vectors transmit malaria?

A

Plasmodium

57
Q

How do plasmodium protozoa replicate?

A

Trophozoite formation

58
Q

Which 2 parts of the body do malaria parasites infect?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Tissues
59
Q

How are cells infected with malaria indicated on a blood film?

A

Large with lots of granule-looking spots inside

60
Q

Which genus of protozoa cause leishmaniasis?

A

Leishmania

61
Q

Which vector transmits leishmaniasis?

A

Sandfly vector

62
Q

Which 2 parts of the body do leishmaniasis parasites infect?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Tissues
63
Q

How do leishmania protozoa replicate?

A

Trophozoite formation

64
Q

How is leishmaniasis indicated on a blood film?

A

Very distinct —> look at picture

65
Q

What are the symptoms of leishmania? (3)

A
  1. Skin lesions
  2. Ulcers
  3. Facial disfigurement
66
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Cognitive impairment
  3. Anaemia
  4. Jaundice
67
Q

What type of disease does leishmaniasis cause? (2)

A
  1. Cutaneous
  2. Visceral
68
Q

What are helminths?

A

Multicellular eukaryotic cells (metazoa)

69
Q

What is special about the life cycle of helminths?

A

Outside human host

70
Q

What are 3 important examples of helminths?

A
  1. Roundworms - ascaris
  2. Flatworms - flukes
  3. Tapeworms
71
Q

How are helminth infections transmitted?

A

Faecal-oral transmission

72
Q

What type of helminth causes schistosomiasis?

A

Flukes

73
Q

What are the 5 steps in the life cycle of flukes?

A
  1. Egg
  2. Miracidium
  3. Snail intermediate host
  4. Cercaria —> burrows in skin —> blood
  5. Adult pair
74
Q

What are the symptoms of schistosomiasis?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Intestinal/bladder/urogenital issues
  3. Malnutrition
  4. Genital lesions

1.3 POM Immunology (13 decks)

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