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Bacte Gg > Microbial Growth & Nutrition > Flashcards

Microbial Growth & Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Requirements for microbial growth can be divide into two main categories:

A

Physical
Chemical

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2
Q

▪ Temperature
▪ pH
▪ Osmotic pressure

A

Physical

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3
Q

▪ Sources of carbon
▪ Nitrogen
▪ Sulfur
▪ Phosphorus
▪ Oxygen
▪ Trace elements,
▪ Organic growth factors

A

Chemical

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4
Q

Physical Requirements of microbial growth & nutrition

A

Temperature Requirement
pH Requirement (Most grow best between pH 6.5 and 7.5
Osmotic Pressure
Other Physical Requirements

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5
Q

Lowest temperature at which the species will grow

A

Minimun growth temperature

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6
Q

Temperature at which the species grows best

A

Optimum growth temperature

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7
Q

Highest temperature at which growth is possible

A

Maximum growth temperature

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8
Q

True or false:

Most organisms are mesophilic

A

True

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9
Q

Temperature which is optimal for many free-living forms, and the body temperature of the host is optimal

A

30 degrees celsius (35-37 degrees celsius)

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10
Q

Lowest or minimum time required to kill organism under constant temperature

A

Thermal death time

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11
Q

Lowest temperature required to kill microorganism in a constant time

A

Thermal death point

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12
Q

▪ Cold-loving microbes
▪ Grow well 0°C to a maximum of 20°C
▪ Example:
❖ Listeria monocytogenes
❖ Yersinia enterolitica

A

Psychrophiles/Cryophiles

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13
Q

▪ Temperature optimum between 20°C and 30°C but grow well at lower temperatures
▪ Important cause of food spoilage

A

Psychrotrophs

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14
Q

▪ Moderate-temperature-loving microbes
▪ 20°C to 40°C (30°C-37°C)
▪ Most commonly encountered pathogenic bacteria in the clinical laboratory

A

Mesophiles

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15
Q

▪ Heat-loving microbes
▪ 50°C to 60°C
▪ Example: Bacillus stearothermophilus

A

Thermophiles

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16
Q

Above the temperature of boiling water

A

Hyperthermophilic

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17
Q

Prokaryotes that are able to survive in unusual conditions like the absence of oxygen, increased temperatures, and living below the earth’s surface

A

Extremophiles

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18
Q

Incubation Temperature of Most Bacteria and Most Viruses

A

35-37C

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19
Q

Incubation Temperature of fungi

A

28-30C

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20
Q

Incubation Temperature of Aerobes

A

35-37C for 18-24 hrs

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21
Q

Incubation temperature of Anaerobes

A

35-37C for 24-48 hrs

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22
Q

Incubation temperature of Anaerobes

A

35-37C for 24-48 hrs

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23
Q

Diagnostic Laboratory Incubate Cultures for Bacterial Growth at:

(Temperature)

A

35-37C

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24
Q

PAE and Campylobacter can grow at:
(Temperature)

A

35-37C and 42C

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25
Q

Diagnostic laboratory usually incubates cultures for bacterial growth at

A

35°C

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26
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Campylobacter can grow at

A

35°C and 42°C

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27
Q

▪ pH 6.0–8.0
▪ Maintain an internal pH of about 7.5 over an external range of 5.5–8.5

A

Neutralophiles

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28
Q

▪ As low as pH 3.0 (6.5-7)
▪ Maintain an internal pH of about 6.5 over an external range of 1.0–5.0

A

Acidophiles

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29
Q

▪ As high as pH 10.5 (8.4-9)
▪ Maintain an internal pH of about 9.5 over an external range of 9.0–11.0

A

Alkaliphiles

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30
Q

Peptones and amino acids in media act as _________

A

Buffers

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31
Q

Exhibiting their buffering effect in the pH growth range of most bacteria

A

Phosphaste salts

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32
Q

Culture media for bacterial isolation are usually adjusted to a final pH between __________

A

7.0 to 7.5

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33
Q

Culture media for bacterial isolation are usually adjusted to a final pH between __________

A

7.0 to 7.5

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34
Q

Organisms requiring high osmotic pressures

A

Osmophilic

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35
Q

Organisms that grow rapidly in high-pressure environment (600 to 1100 atm pressure)
▪ Example:
❖ Shewanella
❖ Colwellia
❖ Photobacterium

A

Barophiles

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36
Q

Shrinkage of the cell’s cytoplasm

A

Plasmolysis

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37
Q

Other Physical Requirements of bacterial growth and nutrition

A

Salt concentration
Moisture

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38
Q

Organisms requiring high salt concentrations
❖ Example:
Staphylococcus aureus
Listeria monocytogenes
All Vibrio species except: V. mimicus and V.cholerae

A

Halophilic

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39
Q

High salt concentrations that they actually require them for growth

A

Extreme Halophiles/Obligate Halophiles

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40
Q

Do not require high salt concentrations but are able to grow at salt concentrations up to 2%

A

Facultative Halophiles

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41
Q

Vital for bacterial growth and susceptibility testing

A

Moisture

42
Q

Three Major Nutritional Needs for Growth

A

Source of Carbon
Source of Nitrogen
Source of Energy

43
Q

o Carbon → 50% of the dry weight of a bacterium
o Making cellular constituents

A

Source of Carbon

44
Q

o Nitrogen → 14% of the dry weight
o Making proteins

A

Source of Nitrogen

45
Q

ATP → performing cellular functions

A

Source of Energy

46
Q

Nucleic acids and phospholipids of cell membranes

A

Phosphate

47
Q

Pretein synthesis

A

Sulfur

48
Q

Make up up an additional 4% of the weight

A

Phosphate and sulfur

49
Q

Mineral ions

A

Na+
K+
Cl-
Ca

50
Q

CARBON SOURCE of bacteria

A

Heterotrophs (Organotrophs)
Autotrophs (Lithotrophs)

51
Q

o Require organic carbon for growth
o Use reduced, preformed, organic molecules from other bacteria

A

Heterotrophs (Organotrophs)

52
Q

Get most of their carbon from the source of their energy -proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

A

Chemoheterotrophs

53
Q

o Use CO2 as the sole source of carbon
o Do not require organic nutrients for growth

A

Autotrophs (Lithotrophs)

54
Q

Derive their carbon from carbon dioxide

A

Chemo autotrophs and Photoautotrophs

55
Q

Use an inorganic substrate such as hydrogen or thiosulfate as a reductant and carbon dioxide as a carbon source

A

Chemolithotrophs

56
Q

sole nitrogen source

A

NH3

57
Q

sole nitrogen source

A

NH3

58
Q

o Ability to assimilate N2 reductively via NH3
o Requires a large amount of metabolic energy and is readily inactivated by oxygen

A

Nitrogen Fixation

59
Q

Production of NH3 from the deamination of amino acids

A

Ammonification

60
Q

Ability to assimilate nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) reductively by conversion of these ions into NH3

A

Assimilatory nitrate reduction and assimilatory nitrite reduction

61
Q

Conversion of NH3 to gaseous N2 under anaerobic conditions

A

Denitrification

62
Q

o Component of ATP, nucleic acids, and such coenzymes as NAD, NADP, and flavins
o Assimilated as free inorganic phosphate (Pi)

A

Phosphate

63
Q

• Autotrophic bacteria can oxidize it to sulfate
• Most microorganisms can use sulfate as a sulfur source, reducing the sulfate to the level of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
• Some microorganisms can assimilate H2S directly from the growth medium
• Sources: sulfate ion, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur-containing amino acids

A

SULFUR SOURCE

64
Q

• Magnesium Ion (Mg²⁺) and Ferrous Ion (Fe²⁺)
o Enzyme function
• Mg²⁺ and K⁺
o Function and integrity of ribosomes
• Ca²⁺
o Constituent of gram-positive cell walls
• Other minerals: Mn²⁺, Mo²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺

A

Mineral source

65
Q

• Organic compound that a cell must contain to grow but that it is unable to synthesize
• Substances that are required by fastidious bacteria for their growth and multiplication
• Example: Amino acids, purines, pyrimidines and vitamins, hemoglobin, pentose, fatty acids

A

Growth factors

66
Q

Do not require exogenous sources of growth factors since they synthesize their own

A

Prototrophics

67
Q

Require the addition of growth factors to culture media for growth to occur

A

Auxotrophics

68
Q

True or false:

All bacteria that inhabit the human body fall into the heterotrophic or organotrophic group

A

True

69
Q

True or false:

Fastidious bacteria require additional substances such as vitamins, purines, pyrimidines, and hemoglobin for growth and survival

A

True

70
Q

True or false:

Saprophytes does not require dead organic substances

A

False. Saprophytes require dead organic substances

71
Q

Oxygen Requirement of bacteria

A

Aerobes
Anaerobes

72
Q

Grow in the presence of oxygen

A

Aerobes

73
Q

Grow in the absence of atmospheric oxygen

A

Anaerobes

74
Q

o 21% oxygen and 0.03% CO₂
o Incubation in air or an anaerobic incubator with 10% carbon dioxide presents satisfies their oxygen requirement
o Example: Bordetella, Brucella, Mycobacteria, Pseudomonas

A

Obligate Aerobe

75
Q

o Can use oxygen when it is present but are able to continue growth by using fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available
o Example: Enterobacteriaceae

A

Facultative Aerobes

76
Q

o Require a reduced level of oxygen to grow
o 2%–10% oxygen
o Generated in culture jars or pouches using a commercially available microaerophilic atmosphere-generating system
o 5% O₂, 10% CO₂, 85% N₂
o Example:
▪ Campylobacter spp. → requires 5% to 6% oxygen
▪ Treponema pallidum

A

Microaerophiles

77
Q

o Can grow in its presence, but they do not use it as a hydrogen acceptor
o Ferment carbohydrates to lactic acid
o Example: Lactobacilli, Propionibacterium acnes

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes (Facultative Aerobes)

78
Q

● bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy-yielding reactions
● lack both superoxide dismutase and catalase
● 0% O, 5-10% CO2, 80-90% N2, 5-10% H2
● Example: Clostridium, Bacteroides

A

Obligate Anaerobes

79
Q

Contain Superoxide dismutase and Catalase that counter the toxic effects of oxygen

A

Obligate Aerobes and Facultative Anaerobes

80
Q

● organisms grow best when the atmosphere is enriched with extra carbon dioxide
● 15% O, 5% to 10% CO2 (CO2 incubator or bags); 3%CO2 (Candle jars)
● Example: HACEK, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Capnophilic

81
Q

Diagnostic microbiology laboratories often maintain their aerobic incubators at a ___________ carbon dioxide level

A

5% to 10%

82
Q

Most aerobic and facultative bacteria need _________

A

0.03% CO2

83
Q

time required for one cell to divide into two cells

A

GENERATION TIME / DOUBLING TIME

84
Q

Generation time:
____________ for a fast-growing bacterium such as E.
coli

A

20 minutes

85
Q

Guu

A

Uou

86
Q

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Nocardia
• Bacillus
• Mycobacterium
• Corynebacterium

A

Obligate Aerobes

87
Q

• Actinomyes
• Bacteroids
• Clostridium
• Fusobacterium
• Eubacterium
• Prevotella

A

Obligate Anaerobes

88
Q

• Lactobacillus
• Propionibacterium

A

Aerotolerant

89
Q

• Campylobacter
• Helicobacter
• Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Microaerophiles

90
Q

Growth occurs only where high concentrations of oxygen have diffused into the medium

A

Obligate aerobes

91
Q

Growth is best where most oxygen is present, but occurs throughout tube

A

Facultative anaerobes

92
Q

Growth is best where most oxygen is present, but occurs throughout tube

A

Facultative anaerobes

93
Q

Growth occurs only where there is no oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes

94
Q

Growth occurs evenly; oxygen has no effect

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

95
Q

Growth occurs only where a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into medium

A

Microaerophiles

96
Q

Only aerobic growth; oxygen required

A

Obligate aerobes

97
Q

Both aerobic and anaerobic growth; greater growth in presence of oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

98
Q

Only anaerobic growth; ceases in presence of oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes

99
Q

Only anarobic growth; but continues in presence of oxygen

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

100
Q

Only aerobic growth; oxygen required in low concentration

A

Microaerophiles

Bacte Gg (4 decks)

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