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Gen Charac Of Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

True or false:

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

A

True

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2
Q

True or false:

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells use the same kinds of chemical reactions to metabolize food, build proteins, and store ener

A

True

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3
Q

True or false:

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have the same structure of cell walls and membranes, and the absence of organelles.

A

False. They differ in structure of cell walls and membranes, and the absence of organelles .

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4
Q

CHIEF DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF
EUKARYOTES:

  1. DNA is found in the _____________, which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane, and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes
  2. DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called ___________ and with nonhistone
  3. Have a number of ____________________
  4. Cell walls, when present, are chemically __________
  5. Cell division usually involves __________
A
  1. DNA is found in the cell ‘s nucleus, which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane, and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes
  2. DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called histones and with nonhistone
  3. Have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles
  4. Cell walls, when present, are chemically simple
  5. Cell division usually involves Mitosis
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5
Q

CHIEF DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF
PROKARYOTES

  1. DNA is not enclosed within a membrane and is usually a __________________ chromosome (prokaryotes have no true nucleus)
  2. DNA is not associated with _____________; other proteins are associated with the DNA.
  3. Lack _________________
    (ex: mitochondria, golgi apparatus)
  4. Cell walls almost always contain the ____________________
  5. Usually divide by ____________
    →DNA is copied, and the cell splits into two cells
    →involves fewer structures and processes than eukaryotic cell division
A
  1. DNA is not enclosed within a membrane and is usually a singular circularly arranged chromosome (prokaryotes have no true nucleus)
  2. DNA is not associated with histones; other proteins are associated with the DNA.
  3. Lack membrane-enclosed organelles
    (ex: mitochondria, golgi apparatus)
  4. Cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan
  5. Usually divide by Binary Fission
    →DNA is copied, and the cell splits into two cells
    →involves fewer structures and processes than eukaryotic cell division
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6
Q
  • unicellular organisms that lack a nuclear membrane and true nucleus
  • classified as prokaryotes (Greek: before kernel [nucleus]), having no mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), or Golgi bodies (they only have ribosomes)
A

Bacteria

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7
Q

Vary in size, morphology, and cell to-cell arrangements and in the chemical composition and structure of the cell wall

A

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY

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8
Q

Bacterial cell wall differences provide the basis for the __________

A

Gram stain

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9
Q

Most clinically relevant bacterial species range in size from ___________ in width and ___________ in length

A

Most clinically relevant bacterial species range in size from 0 .25 to 1 μm in width and 1 to 3 μm in length

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10
Q

True or false:

Bacterium is some hundred-fold larger than a virus, and ten-fold smaller than a eukaryotic cell

A

True

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11
Q

True or false:

Variation of size and shape within a population may also result from asymmetric growth of the cell wall

A

True

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12
Q

Bacterial shape

A

Cocci
Coccobacilli
Bacillus
Fusiform
Curved
Spiral
Pleomorphic

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13
Q

Cluster: ______________
Chains: ______________
Pairs: __________
Tetrads:__________

A

Cluster: Staphylococci
Chains: Streptococci
Pairs: Diplococci
Tetrads:Micrococcus

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14
Q

BACTERIAL ARRANGEMENT

A

a) Pairs
b) Chains
c) Grape-like clusters
d) Group of four
e) Packets of eight
f) Palisades
g) Chinese characters

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15
Q

outermost structure
comprises of outer membrane, cell well, periplasm, cytoplasmic or cell membrane

A

Cell envelop

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16
Q
  • Found only in gram-negative bacteria
  • Function as cell’s initial barrier to the environment
A

Outer membrane

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17
Q

a void space between your outer membrane and inner membrane

A

periplasmic space

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18
Q
  • Bilayered structure composed of lipopolysaccharide Which gives the surface of gram-negative bacteria a net negative charge
  • Plays a significant role in the ability of certain bacteria to cause disease
A

Outer membrane

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19
Q
  • Protein structures scattered throughout the lipopolysaccharide macromolecules
  • Water-filled structures that control the passage of nutrients and other solutes, including antibiotics,
    through the outer membrane
  • Number and types of porins vary with bacterial species
  • Influence the extent to which various substances pass through the outer membranes of different bacteria
A

Porins

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20
Q

Facilitate the attachment of the outer membrane to
the next internal layer in the cell envelope, the cell
wall

A

MUREIN LIPOPROTEINS

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21
Q
  • Referred to as the PEPTIDOGLYCAN, or MUREIN
    LAYER
  • Gives the bacterial cell shape and strength to
    withstand changes in environmental osmotic
    pressures that would otherwise result in cell lysis
A

CELL WALL ( MUREIN LAYER)

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22
Q
  • Protects against mechanical disruption of the cell and offers some barrier to the passage of larger
    substances
  • Synthesis and structure are often the primary targets for the development and design of several
    antimicrobial agents
A

Cell wall (murein layer)

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23
Q

Cell wall structure is composed of __________________

A

DISACCHARIDE-PENTAPEPTIDE SUBUNITS

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24
Q
  • Alternating sugar components (moieties),with the
    amino acid chain linked to N-acetylmuramic acid molecules
  • Polymers of these subunits cross-link to one another by means of peptide bridges to form peptidoglycan
    sheets
  • Layers of these sheets are cross-linked with one
    another, forming a multilayered, cross-linked structure of considerable strength
A

N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE AND N-ACETYL-D-MURAMIC ACID

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25
Q

Referred to as the_____________, or sack, this
peptidoglycan structure surrounds the entire cell

A

MUREIN SACCULUS

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26
Q

Major types of cell walls:

A

gram-positive and gram-negative types

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27
Q

stain gram-positive, have a modified cell wall called ACID-FAST CELL WALL

A

Mycobacteria

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28
Q

microorganisms that have no cell wall

A

Mycoplasmas

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29
Q

Primary stain use in acid-fast stain

A

carbol fuchsin

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30
Q
  • Composed of a very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein)layer
  • Consists of glycan (polysaccharide) chains of
    alternating N-acetyl-d- glucosamine (NAG) and N-
    acetyl-d-muramic acid (NAM)
  • many antibiotics effective against gram-positive
    organisms (e.g., penicillin) act by preventing synthesis
    of peptidoglycan
A

GRAM-POSITIVE CELL WALL

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31
Q

thinner layer of peptidoglycan
and a different cell wall structure, are less affected by these antibiotics

A

Gram-negative bacteria

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32
Q

OTHER COMPONENTS OF GRAM-POSITIVE CELL WALL THAT PENETRATE TO THE EXTERIOR OF THE CELL

A

TEICHOIC ACID
LIPOTEICHOIC ACID
TEICHURONIC ACID

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33
Q
  • anchored to the peptidoglycan (N-acetylmuramic acid)
  • glycerol or ribitol phosphate polymers combined with
    various sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars
A

TEICHOIC ACID

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34
Q
  • anchored to the PM (plasma membrane)
  • linked to the next underlying layer, PM or cellular
    memebrane
A

LIPOTEICHOIC ACID

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35
Q

two components that are unique to the gram-positive cell wall

A

TEICHOIC ACID
LIPOTEICHOIC ACID

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36
Q
  • similar polymers, but the repeat units include sugar
    acids (eg, N-acetylmannosuronic or d-glucosuronic
    acid) instead of phosphoric acids
  • synthesized in place of teichoic acids when phosphate is limiting
A

TEICHURONIC ACID

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37
Q

Two layers of gram-negative cell wall

A

Inner peptidoglycan layer
Outer membrane

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38
Q
  • much thinner than in gram-positive cell walls
A

Inner peptidoglycan layer

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39
Q
  • Outside the peptidoglycan layer is an additional outer membrane
  • contains proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
A

Outer membrane

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40
Q

LPS THREE REGIONS

A

O-specific polysaccharide
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A (also called endotoxin)

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41
Q

LPS region that is antigenic

A

O-specific polysaccharide

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42
Q

LPS region with ketodeoxyoctanoic acid (KDO) and heptose

A

Core polysaccharide

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43
Q

LPS region:
- inner, major constituents

A

Lipid A (also called endotoxin)

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44
Q

LPS functions:

A
  • Vital in evading the host defenses
  • Contribute to the negative charge of the bacterial surface, which stabilizes the membrane structure
  • Considered as an endotoxin
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45
Q
  • consists of phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide units to which are attached a number of long-chain fatty acids
  • responsible for producing fever and shock conditions in patients infected with gram-negative bacteria
A

Lipid A moiety

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46
Q

Outer membrane function:

A
  • Acts as a barrier to hydrophobic compounds and
    harmful substances
  • Acts as a sieve, allowing water-soluble molecules to
    enter through protein-lined channels called porins
  • Provides attachment sites that enhance attachment to host cells
  • Strong negative charge is an important factor in
    evading phagocytosis
  • Acts as a barriers to toxic substances that prevents movement inside the cell
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47
Q

Peptidoglycan layer of Gram(+) bacteria

A

Thick(multilayered)

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48
Q

Teichoic Acids of Gram(+) bacteria

A

Present in many

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49
Q

Periplasmic Space of Gram(+) bacteria

A

Absent

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50
Q

Outer Membrane of gram (+) bacteria

A

Absent

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51
Q

LPS content of gram(+) bacteria

A

Virtually none

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52
Q

Lipid and LPP of gram(+) bacteria

A

Low

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53
Q

Flagellar structure of gram(+) bacteria

A

2 Rings in basal body

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54
Q

Toxins produced by gram(+) bacteria

A

Exotoxins

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55
Q

Resistance to Physical Disruption of gram(+) bacteria

A

High

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56
Q

Cell Wall Disruption by Lysozyme of gram(+) bacteria

A

High

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57
Q

Susceptibility to Pen and Sulfonamide of gram(+) bacteria

A

High

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58
Q

Susceptibility to Strep, Chloram and Tetra of gram(+) bacteria

A

Low

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59
Q

Inhibitions by Basic Dyes of gram(+) bacteria

A

High

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60
Q

Resistance to Anionic Detergents of gram(+) bacteria

A

Low

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61
Q

Resistance to Sodium Azide of gram(+) bacteria

A

High

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62
Q

Resistance to Drying of gram(+) bacteria

A

High

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63
Q

Peptidoglycan layer of gram(-) bacteria

A

Thin (bilayered/trilayered)

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64
Q

Teichoic Acids of gram (-) bacteria

A

Absent

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65
Q

Periplasmic Space of gram(-) bacteria

66
Q

Outer Membrane of gram(-) bacteria

67
Q

LPS content of gram(-) bacteria

68
Q

Lipid and LPP of gram(+) bactera

69
Q

Lipid and LPP of gram(+) bactera

70
Q

Flagellar structure of gram (-) bacteria

A

4 rings in basal body

71
Q

Toxins produced by gram(-) bacteria

A

Endotoxins and exotoxins

72
Q

Resistance to Physical Disruption of gram(-) bacteria

73
Q

Cell Wall Disruption by Lysozyme of gram(-) bacteria

74
Q

Susceptibility to Pen and Sulfonamide of gram(-) bacteria

75
Q

Susceptibility to Strep, Chloram and Tetra of gram(-) bacteria

76
Q

Inhibitions by Basic Dyes of gram(-) bacteria

77
Q

Resistance to Anionic Detergents of gram(-) bacteria

78
Q

Resistance to Sodium Azide of gram(-) bacteria

79
Q

Resistance to Drying of gram(-) bacteria

80
Q
  • Spherical,rod-shape or filamentous
  • Chemoorganoheterotrophic
  • endospore present in some groups
  • reproduction by binary fission
A

Gram-positive bactera

81
Q
  • Spaherical, oval,straightor curved,helical or filamentous
  • Phototrophic, chemolitoautotrophic, Chemoorganoheterotrophic
  • endospore: absent
  • reproduction by binary fission
A

Gram-negative bacteria

82
Q
  • Typically found only in gram-negative bacteria
  • Bounded by the internal surface of the outer membrane and the external surface of the cellular membrane encompassing the thin peptidoglycan layer
A

Periplasmic space

83
Q

True or false:

Periplasmic space is absent in gram-positive bacteria

84
Q
  • Have a gram-positive cell wall structure
  • Contain a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids
    (myolic acid) bound to the exterior of the cell wall
  • More than 60% of the cell wall is lipid
A

ACID-FAST CELL WALL

85
Q
  • Major lipid component
  • Strong “hydrophobic” molecule that forms a lipid shell around the organism and affects its permeability
  • Makes Mycobacterium spp. difficult to stain with the Gram stain
A

Mycolic Acid

86
Q
  • Lack a cell wall and contain sterols in their cell
    membranes
  • Lack the rigidity of the cell wall
  • Seen in various shapes microscopically
A

ABSENCE OF CELL WALL

87
Q
  • Present in both gram-negative and gram-positive
    bacteria and is the deepest layer of the cell envelope
  • Consist of phospholipid bilayer, various proteins
    (70%), including a number of enzymes vital to cellular metabolism
  • Serves as an additional osmotic barrier
  • Absence of sterols
A

CYTOPLASMIC (INNER) MEMBRANE

88
Q
  • Transport of solutes into and out of the cell
  • Housing of enzymes involved in outer membrane
    synthesis, cell wall synthesis, and the assembly and
    secretion of extracytoplasmic and extracellular
    substances
  • Generation of chemical energy (i.e., ATP)
  • Cell motility
  • Mediation of chromosomal segregation during replication
A

Functions of cytoplasmic (inner) membrane

89
Q

Relies on diffusion, uses no energy, and operates
only when the solute is at higher concentration
outside than inside the cell

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

90
Q

Accounts for the entry of very few nutrients, including dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water itself

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

91
Q

Uses no energy so the solute never achieves an
internal concentration greater than what exists outside the cell (e.g., Glycerol)

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

92
Q

Form selective channels that facilitate the passage of specific molecules

A

CHANNEL PROTEINS

93
Q
  • Move a molecule across the cell membrane at the
    expense of a previously established ion gradient such as protonmotive or sodiummotive force
  • Particularly common in aerobic organisms, which
    have an easier time generating an ion-motive force
    than do anaerobes
A

ION-COUPLED TRANSPORT

94
Q

Three basic types of ION-COUPLED TRANSPORT

A

Uniport
Symport
Antiport

95
Q

catalyze the transport of a substrate independent of any coupled ion

96
Q

simultaneous transport of two substrates in the same direction by a single carrier

97
Q

simultaneous transport of two likecharged compounds in opposite directions by a common carrier (40% of the substrates transported by E. coli

98
Q

Uses ATP directly to transport solutes into the cell

A

ABC transport

99
Q

Transport of many nutrients is facilitated by specific
binding proteins located in the periplasmic space

A

Gram-negative

100
Q

Binding proteins are attached to the outer surface of the cell membrane

A

Gram-positive

101
Q
  • Vectorial metabolism
  • Not active transport because no concentration
    gradient is involved
  • Allows bacteria to use their energy resources
    efficiently by coupling transport with metabolism
A

GROUP TRANSLOCATION

102
Q

Some pathogenic bacteria use specific receptors that bind host transferring and lactoferrin (as well as other iron-containing host proteins)

A

SPECIAL TRANSPORT PROCESSES

103
Q

Compounds that chelate Fe and promote its transport as a soluble comples

A

SIDEPHORES

104
Q
  • Site of protein biosynthesis and give the cytoplasm a granular structure
  • Consist of RNA and proteins
  • 70S in size and separates into two subunits, 50S and 30S
105
Q

Attach to the 30S subunit and interfere with protein synthesis

A

Streptomycin and Gentamicin

106
Q

Interfere with protein synthesis by attaching to the 50S subunit

A

Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol

107
Q
  • Consist of a single, circular chromosome
  • Lacks nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus
  • Appears as diffused nucleoid or chromatin body that is attached to a mesosome (sac-like structure)
108
Q
  • Feulgen positive
  • Consists of a single continuous circular molecule
    ranging in size from 0.58 to almost 10 million base
    pair
    Exception: Borrelia burgdorferi and Streptomyces coelicolor
  • Few bacteria have dissimilar chromosomes: Vibrio
    cholera and Brucella melitensis
109
Q
  • Extrachromosomal, double-stranded element of DNA that is associated with virulence
  • Located in the cytoplasm and serve as a site for the
    genes to code for antibiotic resistance and toxin
    production
  • Not essential for bacterial growth so a bacterial cell
    may or may not contain a plasmid
  • Sometimes disappears during cell division and it can make bacteria (mostly Gram-neg) pathogenic
110
Q

Two Kinds of Plasmid

A

Large Plasmid
Small Plasmid

111
Q

responsible for the production of B- lactamase that provide resistance to B- lactam antibiotics (penicillin and oxacillin)

A

Large Plasmid

112
Q

Resistant to tetracyclines and chloramohenicol

A

Small Plasmid

113
Q
  • Serve as the energy source or food reserve of the
    bacteria or as a reservoir of structural building blocks
  • Composed mainly of polysaccharides, they lessen
    osmotic pressure
A

Inclusion bodies

114
Q

Two common types of granules:

A

Glycogen
Polyphosphate granules

115
Q

Storage form of glucose

116
Q
  • Storage form of inorganic phosphates
  • Source of phosphate for nucleic acid and
    phospholipid synthesis
A

Polyphosphate granules

117
Q
  • Lipid like compound consisting of chains of B-
    hydroxybutyric acid units connected through ester
    linkages
  • Produced when the source of nitrogen, sulfur, or
    phosphorous is limited and there is excess carbon on the medium
A

POLY-B-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID (PHB)

118
Q

Carbon source when protein and nucleic acid
synthesis are resumed

A

PHB AND GLYCOGEN

119
Q

Hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate

A

Sulfur granules

120
Q
  • Small, dormant structures located inside the bacterial cell
  • Aid in the survival of bacteria against external
    conditions
  • Produced within vegetative cells of some Gram-pos bacteria
  • Composed of dipicolinic acid and calcium ions :Calcium Cipicolinate
  • Some locations could be a means of microscopically identifying bacteria
  • Responsible for perpetuation, but not multiplication
    Examples : Bacillus and Clostridium
A

ENDOSPORES/ ASEXUAL SPORES

121
Q

Types of Spores according to location:

A

Terminal spore
Subterminal spore
Central spore

122
Q

Properties of Endospores

A

Core
Spore wall
Cortex
Ciat
Exosporium

123
Q

Properties of Endospores

A

Core
Spore wall
Cortex
Ciat
Exosporium

124
Q
  • Spore protoplast
  • Contains a complete nucleus (chromosome)
    all of the components of the protein-synthesizing apparatus, and an energy-generating system based on glycolysis
125
Q
  • Innermost layer surrounding the inner spore
    membrane
  • Contains normal peptidoglycan and becomes he cell wall of the germinating vegetative cell
A

Spore wall

126
Q
  • Thickest layer of the spore envelope
  • Contains an unusual type of peptidoglycan,
    with many fewer cross-links than are found in cell wall peptidoglycan
127
Q
  • Composed of a keratin-like protein containing many intramolecular disulfide bonds
  • Impermeability of this layer confers on spores their relative resistance to antibacterial chemical agents
128
Q

-composed of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
- consists of a paracrystalline basal layer and a hairlike outer region

A

Exosporium

129
Q

play a role in the mediation of infection and in
laboratory idedntification, varies among bacterial
species and even among strains within the same species

A

Cellular appendages

130
Q
  • outward complex of polysaccharide on the bacterial surface and other cells
  • helps the bacteria to attach to the surface of the solid objects or tissues
  • appears as a capsule or a slime layer
A

Glycocalyx

131
Q
  • organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall
  • immediately exterior to the murein layer of gram-positive bacteria and the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
  • made up of polysaccharide polymers
132
Q
  • Unorganized material that is loosely attached to the cell wall
  • Made up of polysaccharide
  • Can either inhibit phagocytosis or aid in the
    adherence of the bacteria to the host tissue or
    synthetic implants
  • Facilitates and maintains bacterial colonization of
    biologic (e.g. teeth) and inanimate (e.g. prosthetic
    heart valves) surfaces through the formation of
    biofilms
A

Slime layer

133
Q
  • helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other
  • protects the cells within it, facilitates communication among them and enables the cells to survive by attaching to various surfaces in their natural environment
A

Extracellular Polymeric Substance

134
Q
  • exterior protein filaments that rotate and cause
    bacteria to be motile
  • complex structures, mostly composed of the protein flagellin, intricately embedded in the cell envelope
  • thread-like appendages composed entirely of protein, 12–30 nm in diameter
  • plays an important role in survival and the ability of certain bacteria to cause disease
135
Q

Flagellum is attached to the bacterial cell body by a
complex structure consisting:

A

Hook
Basal body
Filament
Motility

136
Q

short curved structure that appears to act as the
universal joint between the motor in the basal
structure and the flagellum

137
Q

bears a set of rings, one pair in gram positive bacteria and two pairs in gram-negative bacteria

A

Basal body

138
Q
  • long outermost region
  • constant in diameter and contains the globular
    (roughly spherical) protein flagellin arranged in
    several chains that intertwine and form a helix around a hollow core
139
Q

ability of an organism to move by itself

140
Q

ARRANGEMENT OF THE FLAGELLA:

A

Atrichous
Mnotrichous
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Peritrichous

141
Q

without flagellum

142
Q

single flagellum at one end

A

Mnotrichous

143
Q

single flagellum at both ends

A

Amphitrichous

144
Q

tuff or group of flagella on one end or both ends

A

Lophotrichous

145
Q

entire cell surface covered with flagella

A

Peritrichous

146
Q
  • bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell
    beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell
  • anchored at one end of the spirochete
  • have a structure similar to that of flagella
  • rotation of the filaments produces a movement of the outer sheath that propels the spirochetes in a spiral motion
  • movement is similar to the way a corkscrew moves
    through a cork
A

Axial Filaments

147
Q
  • group of bacteria that have unique structure and motility
  • movebymeansofAXIAL FILAMENTS OR ENDOFLAGELLA
A

Spirochetes

148
Q
  • group of bacteria that have unique structure and motility
  • movebymeansofAXIAL FILAMENTS OR ENDOFLAGELLA
A

Spirochetes

149
Q

True motility and Brownian Movement are best observed through the ____________________

A

HANGING DROP METHOD

150
Q

bacteria seem to be going in a definite direction

A

True Motility

151
Q

bacteria bounce back and forth rapidly due to the bombardment of molecules of water

A

Brownian movement

152
Q

movement of bacteria toward or away from a
particular stimulus

153
Q

WAYS OF DEMONSTRATING MOTILITY IN THE LAB

A

Hanging Drop Method
SIM
Flagellar staining
Serologic test
Fluorescent Antibody Technique(FAT)
Swarming Phenomenon
Darkfield Microscopy

154
Q
  • hairlike, proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell membrane into the external environment; some may be up to 2 μm long
  • Hair-like microfibrils usually produced by flagellated Gram-negative bacteria observable by electron microscopy
  • serve as adhesins that help bacteria attach to animal host cell surfaces, often as the first step in
    establishing infection
  • composed ofstructural protein subunits—pilins
A

PILI (FIMBRIA)

155
Q

Results in short, jerky, intermittent movements

A

TWITCHING MOTILITY

156
Q

Play a role in bacterial adherence to surfaces thus
contributing to virulence

A

COMMON PILI OR ORDINARY PILI

157
Q
  • serves as the conduit for the passage of DNA from
    donor to recipient during conjugation
  • present only in cells that produce a protein referred to as the F factor
  • F-positive cells initiate conjugation only with F-negative cells, thereby limiting the conjugative process to cells capable of transporting genetic
    material through the hollow sex pilus
158
Q

fimbriae are the site of the main surface antigen—M
protein

A

Streptococci

159
Q

responsible for the adherence of group A streptococci to epithelial cells of their hosts

A

Lipoteichoic acid, associated with these fimbriae

160
Q

able to make pili of different antigenic types (antigenic variation)

A

N. gonorrhoeae

Bacte Gg (4 decks)

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