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Microbial growth and antibiotics > Microbial growth and antibiotics > Flashcards

Microbial growth and antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is 4 types of shape in bacteria?

A

Cocci(こかい) - spherical

Bacilli(バチリ) – rod shape

Spirilla(siフィリア) – spiral shaped

Vibrio(ビブリオ) – curved shape

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2
Q

What is examples of cocci?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Diplococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pyogenes

S.thermophilus

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3
Q

What is examples of bacilli?

A

Salmonella typhi

Escherichia coil

Azotobacter

Bacillus anthracis

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4
Q

What is examples of spirilla?

A

Spirillum rubrum

Treponema pallidum

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5
Q

What is examples of vibrio?

A

Vibrio cholerae

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6
Q

What is difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

No nucleus vs Nucleus

Circular DNA vs linear DNA

No membrane bound organelles vs Membrane bound organelles

No endoplasmic reticulum vs Endoplasmic reticulum

No golgi body vs Golgi body

No mitochondria vs Mitochondria

No organised chloroplasts vs Chloroplasts in photosynthetic cell

Mesosome vs No mesosome

70s ribosome vs 80s ribosome

1 – 10 nanometer vs 10 – 100 nanometer

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7
Q

What is structure all bacteria have?

A

Cell wall

70s ribosome

Food reverse granule

Cell surface membrane

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

What structure is sometimes present in bacteria?

A

Mesosome

Circular DNA
pili

Photosynthetic membranes

Flagellum

Capsule layer

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9
Q

What is cell wall?

A

Rigid structure for shape

Made of murein(peptidoglycan)

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10
Q

What is gram staining?

A

Classify bacteria as gram positive or negative

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11
Q

What is gram positive?

A

A cell wall is gram positive if 40% to 95% is murein

Identified by purple stain on gram staining

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12
Q

What is gram negative?

A

A cell wall is gram negative contain as little as 5% murein

Don’t retain crystal violet

Stained red if counter stain used

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13
Q

What is mesosome?

A

Infolding of cell membrane

Contain enzymes involved in respiration

Aid cell division during separation of DNA into new cell

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14
Q

What is circular DNA?

A

Contain genetic info

Has zone called nuclear zone

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15
Q

What is pili?

A

Used in reproduction

Similar to flagellum

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16
Q

What is 70s ribosome?

A

Smaller ribosome

Involved in translation at protein synthesis

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17
Q

What is photosynthetic membranes?

A

Infold membrane

Contain photosynthetic substance

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18
Q

What is food reserve granule?

A

Contains food source e.g. polysaccharides

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19
Q

What is flagellum?

A

Made of flagellin

Gives mobility

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20
Q

What is cell surface membrane?

A

Made of phospholipid bilayer and protein

Selectively permeable

Controls what in and out

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21
Q

What is capsule?

A

Mainly polysaccharides and some polypeptide

Protection against phagocytosis and antibiotics

Prevents dehydration

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22
Q

What is plasmid?

A

Pieces of DNA

Contain few genes

Beneficial effects e.g. antibiotic resistance

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23
Q

What is process of Binary fission?

A

Cell elongate, DNA replicate then attaches to mesosome

A septum synthesised to divide

Septum grow across dividing the genetic material

Cytokinesis happens

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24
Q

What is called time bacteria population require to double?

A

Generation time

25
Q

What is equation for binary fission?

A

2n

n is generation

26
Q

2 ways for cell to obtain energy?

A

Obtain light

Oxidise chemical compound

What is phototrophic bacteria?

Obtain energy via light during photosynthesis

Light utilised by pigment e.g. bacteriochlorophyll

27
Q

What is photoautotrophs?

A

Use co2 in photosynthesis

28
Q

What is photoheterotrophs?

A

Use organic source in photosynthesis

29
Q

What is chemotrophic bacteria?

A

Obtain energy using chemical compound

They break down compound leading to production of ATP

30
Q

What is chemoautotrophic bacteria?

A

Obtain energy by oxidising inorganic compound

31
Q

What is chemoheterotrophic bacteria?

A

Obtain energy by oxidising organic compound

Most of bacteria

32
Q

2 types of bacteria growth method in lab?

A

Batch culture

Continuous culture

33
Q

What is growth phases in typical growth curve?

A

Lag phase

Log/exponential phase

Stationary phase

Death phase

34
Q

What is lag phase?

A

No or little cell division

But cell may increase in size

Synthesise RNA, proteins and enzymes

Nutrient specific enzymes might be produced

If bacteria used to environment, it might get shorter

35
Q

What is log phase?

A

Cell at maximum division rate

All condition optimal for growth

No limiting factor

Primary metabolite formed and excreted

36
Q

What is stationary phase?

A

No increase in population

Limiting factor appeals

Secondary metabolites which is not essential might be produced and excreted

37
Q

What is death phase?

A

Unfavourable condition increase so death rate above growth rate

Autolysis may often occur

38
Q

What effect does temperature have on bacteria growth?

A

Low temp – slow due to low kinetic energy reducing enzymes activity on metabolism

High temp – most bacteria gets destroyed as enzymes denature

Extremophile may be adapted

39
Q

What effect does pH have on bacteria growth?

A

Extremely high or low pH would cause denature of enzymes required for metabolism

40
Q

What effect does O2 concentration have on bacteria growth?

A

Depends on microbe type

If obligate aerobes high concentration is ideal

If obligate anaerobes low concentration is ideal

41
Q

List types and properties of microbes in relation to their O2 preferences?

A

Obligate aerobes – live only when O2 present

Obligate anaerobes – live only when no O2 present

Facultative anaerobes – can live in both, prefers O2 present

Aerotolerant anaerobes – prefers anaerobic but can live with O2

Microaerophiles – anaerobic condition required but low O2 concentration is fine

42
Q

Name all types of extremophiles?

A

Halophiles

Alkalinophiles

Acidophiles

Barophiles(Piezophile)

Thermophiles

Psychrophiles

43
Q

Halophiles?

A

Survive in high salt conc

High conc of salt in cytoplasm preventing osmosis out of cells

Optimal folding proteins tolerating high salt conc

Cell wall is composed of glycoprotein and stabilised by sodium ions

44
Q

Alkalinophiles?

A

Optimal in pH above 9.0(Alkali)

Membrane and cell wall resist dissolution

Adapted proteins

Intracellural pH close to 9.0

Actively pump hydrogen ions in to use ATP synthase

45
Q

Acidophiles?

A

Optimal in below pH 5.0

Acid resistant cell walls and membranes

Activelly pump out excess protons

46
Q

Barophiles

A

Preferably or exclusively at high hydrostatic pressure

Barotorelant - high to 500 atmosphere

Barophilic - requires high pressure, usually at 700, 800 atmosphere, not less than 400 atmosphere

Increased pressure decrease binding capacity, so enzymes must be folded in such a way to minimise this

Lipid bilayer is more tightly packed so provide more rigid structure and shields the inside

ompH gene code for a protein at high pressure but inhibited at low, so enables uptake of wider range of nutrients

47
Q

Thermophiles?

A

Optimum above 45 celcius

If above 80 celcius is hyperthermophiles

High saturated fatty acid in membrane for stability

More chemical bonds to maintain protein shape

Loops of polypeptide less or absent

Less amino acids unstable at high temp

Chaperones refold denatured proteins

DNA use DNA-binding proteins and reverse DNA gyrase to introduce supercoils into DNA

48
Q

Psychrophiles?

A

Optimal at 15 celcius or below

Cold adapted enzymes

Increase in unsaturated fatty acid as temp reduce to control membrane fluidity

Antifreeze protein bind to ice ctrystal preventing piercing of membrane

49
Q

What is 2 methods used to estimate cell number in microbal population?

A

Total cell count(death and living cell)

Viable cell count(living cell)

50
Q

What is haemocytometry and describe?

A

Total cell count

Use chamber as haemocytometer

Volume is 0.004mm3

Well mixed sample diluted

Then counted, averaged and using dilution factor estimated

51
Q

What is turbidimetry and describe?

A

Total cell count

Use colorimeter

Culture medium become more turbid(cloudy) as cell increase

Culture is well mixed before measure

Optical density measured

Cannot differentiate living and death

52
Q

Dilution plating?

A

Variable cell counts

Dilution factor calc is done to liquid culture

Done aseptically

53
Q

Fungi properties?

A

Eukaryotic

Some can be unicellular

They are heterotrophic(use organic matter)

They can be parasitic, mutualistic or saprophytic

Use extracellular digestion

54
Q

Filamentous fungi properties?

A

Fine, branched thread called hyphae

Hyphae forms mass called mycelium

55
Q

What is structure of fungi?

A

Cell wall made of chitin

Same as other eukaryotes

Some are coenocytic, so no cross wall between each other

56
Q

What is name of 2 methods used for measure of fungi growth?

A

Increase in diameter mycelium - only on filamentous fungi

Increase in dry mass - any microorganism

57
Q

Describe how to measure increase in diameter of mycelium?

A

Used in filamentous fungi

If effect of temperature on the growth measured:

Agar plates containing identical concentration of nutrients are
inoculated with the same quantity fungi

Obtain equal sized pieces of mycelium, place in the centre of each plate

Each plate is incubated at a different temperature in the range

All other environmental conditions are standardised e.g. nutrient concentration and pH

The increase in the diameter of the mycelium is measured and recorded daily

These results can be plotted on a graph and the optimum temperature determined

58
Q

Describe how to measure increase in dry mass?

A

Used in microorganisms

If the effect of pH on the growth rate of a
filamentous fungus measured:

Set up flasks containing liquid broth media of the same volume and nutrient concentrations

Inoculate each flask aseptically with the same mass of fungal mycelium

Each culture is incubated at a different pH using buffers

Ensure temperature is standardised and at the optimum

At suitable time intervals, remove an identical volume of sample
from each culture and determine the dry mass of fungus in pH culture.

The dry mass is determined by placing the sample in an oven until all the water is removed.

Dry mass at each pH can be plotted on a graph and the optimum pH for the growth of that particular fungus determined.

For oven, heat at 100°C for an hour, remove and weigh it.
Reheat for 15 minutes and reweigh it until you get two constant masses

Microbial growth and antibiotics (1 decks)

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