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Microbiology > Microbial Genetics [5] > Flashcards

Microbial Genetics [5] Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Genes?

A

Units of hereditary material containing the info that determines characteristics of organism.

Segments of DNA specifying a particular protein chain.

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2
Q

How many bases does the average gene have?

A

1000

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3
Q

Define Genome.

A

The complete set of genes present in an organism.

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4
Q

Genotype vs. Phenotype

A

Genotype: genetic makeup, precise genetic constitution of an organism

Phenotype: observable properties, what you look like

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5
Q

Cells genome is organized into ___________ .

A

Cells genome is organized into chromosomes.

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6
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A genetic element carrying genes that contains hereditary information.

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7
Q

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes genetic material?

A

Prokaryotes: single chromosome, circular DNA molecule

Eukaryotes: several chromosomes, linear DNA molecule

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8
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, contains the genetic code for most living things

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9
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

information for the synthesis of proteins is contained in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule

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10
Q

What is binary fission?

A

The division of one cell into two cells by the formation of a septum. (Bacteria reproduce by binary fission.)

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11
Q

What is DNA? What is DNA composed of?

A

double stranded, helical molecule composed of building blocks called deoxyribonucleotides

three parts;

1- deoxyribose sugar; 5-carbon sugar

2- nitrogenous base; Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

3- Phosphate group

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12
Q

Identify DNA Complementary Base Pairs

A

A-T

G-C

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13
Q

What’s attached to the 5’ end?

What’s attached to the 3’ end?

A

5’ end - phosphate group

3’ end - hydroxyl group (OH)

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14
Q

Why are two strands of DNA antiparallel (oriented in opposite directions)?

A

in order for paired bases to be next to each other

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15
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

Conversion of one double stranded DNA molecule into two identical double stranded molecules.

Each parent acts as a template for synthesis of another strand by complementary base pairing.

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16
Q

How does DNA polymerase work?

A

5’ to 3’, only adds nucleotides to 3’ end.

17
Q

During replication the DNA polymerase can only join?

A

the phosphate group of a 5’ carbon of a new nucleotide to the hydroxyl group of the 3’ carbon of a nucleotide already in the chain

18
Q

Phosphodiester Bond

A

the bond that joins the nucleotides

19
Q

What is the leading strand?

A

portion of DNA replication where synthesized continuously

20
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

synthesized (discontinuously) in pieces called Okazaki fragments

21
Q

How is DNA replication semiconservative?

A

each strand in the DNA double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand

22
Q

What are the differences of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic replication?

A

Eukaryotes contain multiple origins of replication, Prokaryotes contain a single origin of replication.

Eukaryotes nucleus must undergo mitosis (division of daughter cells) after replication.

23
Q

Cells use info in RNA

A

Cells use info in RNA to synthesize proteins.

24
Q

Genetic info in DNA is copied or transcribed into

A

Genetic info in DNA is copied or transcribed into a complementary base sequence of RNA.

25
Q

Name the three types of RNA

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
26
Q

What is Messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the coded information for making specific proteins.

27
Q

What is Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms integral part of ribosome for protein synthesis.

28
Q

What is Transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

Involved in protein synthesis.

29
Q

What is transcription?

A

strand of mRNA is synthesized using a portion of cell’s DNA as template; genetic info in bases of DNA are rewritten in base sequence of mRNA

Base pairing of DNA with RNA

Adenine pairs with Uracil

30
Q

DNA polymerase can only add nucleoside triphosphate to?

A

DNA polymerase can only add nucleoside triphosphate to free OH group (3 prime end).

31
Q

Where does transcription and translation occur in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

In Eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the Nucleus, translation occurs in Cytoplasm. In Prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled.

32
Q

Describe Transcription.

A

RNA polymerase binds to DNA at Promoter

One DNA strand is template for RNA synthesis, synthesized 5’ to 3’ by complementary base pairing

33
Q

5’ end is

A

Phosphate end

34
Q

Each codon codes for ? .

A

Each codon codes for specific amino acid.

35
Q

What is translation?

A

Protein synthesis using mRNA as a template.

36
Q

In mRNA sequence, each group of 3 nucleotides is called?

A

Codon

37
Q

DNA polymerase can only add where?

A

3’ prime OH group

Microbiology (7 decks)

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