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Microbiology > Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Catabolic

A

release energy

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2
Q

Anabolic

A

requires energy

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

breakdown of complex compounds into simpler ones

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

building of complex molecules from simpler ones

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5
Q

Exerogenic vs. Endergonic

A

Exerogenic: produces more energy than consumes

Endergonic: consumes more energy than produces

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6
Q

Catabolic reaction result in?

A

Exerogenic, produces more energy than consumes.

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7
Q

What is the function of Catabolic reactions?

A

provide building blocks for Anabolic reactions and furnish energy needed to drive Anabolic reactions

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8
Q

Where does ATP come from?

A

Energy from Catabolic reactions is used to synthesize ATP.

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9
Q

What is the main functions of enzymes?

A

Speed up biochemical reactions at temperatures that are compatible with normal function of the cell.

Lowers activation energy

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10
Q

protein portion of enzyme, inactive

A

Apoenzyme

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11
Q

non-protein portion of enzyme, activator

A

Coenzyme or Cofactor

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12
Q

How do the Apoenzyme and Coenzyme assist the enzyme?

A

act as electron carrier, donate atoms required by the substrate and accept atoms removed from substrate

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13
Q

Holoenzyme

A

whole enzyme, active

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14
Q

Explain how enzymes work.

A

Contact active site, temporary intermediate compound formed, substrate transformed by rearrangement/breakdown, transformed substrate released from enzyme (no longer fit), unchanged enzyme free to react

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15
Q

How does temperature affect enzymes?

A

rise in temp. will increase rate of reaction; denaturation

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16
Q

Explain the effects of denaturation on a enzyme due to temperature.

A

Denaturation causes changes in protein structure, alters active site and enzymes lose it catalytic ability.

17
Q

How does pH effect enzymes?

A

Change in H+ concentration (pH) causes change in proteins 3-D structure.

18
Q

How does change is substrate concentration affect enzyme?

A

at extremely high substrate concentration, reach maximum rate of reactions.

19
Q

How do inhibitors affect enzymes?

A

stop enzyme from performing chemical reactions

20
Q

Competitive Inhibitors vs, Noncompetitive Inhibitors

A

Competitive Inhibitors: compete with normal substrate for active site

Noncompetitive Inhibitors: binds with allosteric site, changes shape, becomes non-functional

21
Q

Feedback Inhibition regulates cells production of?

A

amino acids and vitamins

22
Q

What is feedback inhibition? How does it stop a cell from wasting chemical resources?

A

Feedback Inhibition is when the product of a reaction becomes an inhibitor of that same reaction. When enough of that product is made, the inhibitors are greater than the substrate which stops the reactions from happening. This results in the cell not making too much of a product.

23
Q

What is oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

reaction involving gaining and losing of electrons

24
Q

Why do cells use oxidation reduction reaction?

A

to extract energy from nutrient molecules

25
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

high energy phosphate is transferred from phosphorylated compound to ADP

26
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

electrons are passed through series of electron carriers to molecules of oxygen (or other oxidized organic/inorganic molecule)

27
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

organic molecules are synthesized with the energy of light from C02 and H20

28
Q

What happens in Glycolysis?

A

preparatory stage: six carbon glucose phosphoylated and split into two, three carbon compound

energy conserving stage: in several steps, two, three carbon compound oxidized into two molecules of pyruvic acid

performed by aerobic and aerobic organisms (oxygen not required)

Net gain 2 ATP, 2 NADH

29
Q

What happens Krebs Cycle?

A

pyruvic acid loses C02 (decarboxylation), Acetyl group attaches to Coenzyme A, oxidation-reduction

2 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH

30
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

NADH & FADH2 contribute electrons they carried from substrates to a cascade of oxidation-reduction reactions, through chemiosomotic process generate ATP

31
Q

What are phototrophs?

A

use light as primary energy source

32
Q

What are chemotrophs?

A

depend on oxidation-reduction reactions of inorganic/organic compounds for energy

33
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

feed on others, require organic source

34
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

self feeders, use carbon dioxide

35
Q

What is the energy and carbon source for Photoautotrophs? Name three.

A

light (energy), carbon dioxide (carbon)

Green Plants
Algae
Photosynthetic Bacteria (green, blue, cyanobacteria)

36
Q

What is the energy and carbon source for Photoheterotophs? Include examples of some.

A

use light (energy), organic compounds (carbon)

Green non-sulfur bacteria, Purple non-sulfur bacteria

37
Q

What is the energy and carbon source for Chemoautotrophs? Include three.

A

oxidation-reduction reactions (energy), electrons (energy)

self feeder

Sulfur, Ammonia, Nitrate ions

38
Q

What is the energy and carbon source for Chemoheterotrophs? Include two.

A

oxidation-reduction for breakdown of carbon (energy), feed on others

Saphrophytes, Parasites

Microbiology (7 decks)

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