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microbial genetics > microbial genetics > Flashcards

microbial genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Genome

A

sum of all cells genetic material

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2
Q

genomics

A

the study of an organisms complete set of genetic material

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3
Q

Genetics

A

Study of hereditary

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3
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

DNA: made of nucleotides
-Deoxyribose
-Nitrogenous base (AT, CG)
-phosphate group (backbone)

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4
Q

Difference between genotype and phenotype

A

genotype: genetic makeup of cell/organism
Phenotype: expression of genes as a trait

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5
Q

What does anti-parallel stands mean?

A

the sugar phosphate backbone on one strand is upside down relative to the other strand (5’ end 3’ end)

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6
Q

What is the 5 prime end and 3 prime end?

A

-5 prime end- attached to a phosphate group
-3 prime end- hydroxyl group (oxygen and hydrogen)

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7
Q

Replication of DNA
What does it mean that DNA is semi-conservative?

A

Each parental strand act as a template for new daughter strand. One strand is kept from parent.

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8
Q

DNA is always synthesized from which end to which end?

A

5’ to 3’ end of the new strand

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9
Q

Why cant strands be replicated the same way?

A

Because they are anti-parallel from each other. DNA polymerase can only move from 5 to 3’ end.

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10
Q

What happens during the lagging strand?

A

-DNA polymerase has to synthesize backwards
-multiple RNA primers and DNA polymerase
-synthesized discontinuously (Okazaki fragments) by DNA ligase

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11
Q

What does DNA polymerase do and RNA primer do in DNA Replication?

A

DNA polymerase- adds nucleotides to new DNA strand
RNA primer- initiates the 5’3 direction

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12
Q

Bacterial DNA replication

A

bi-directional replication of a circular DNA molecule

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13
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA (mRNA is made)

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14
Q

mRNA

A

Read by Ribosomes to make proteins, carries coding info

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15
Q

tRNA

A

carries individual amino acids to the ribosomes

16
Q

rRNA

A

reading order of amino acids and linking them together

17
Q

Where is transcription made in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes- occurs in nucleus
Prokaryotes- occurs in cytoplasm

18
Q

During transcription what enzyme is used, what direction does it move and where does it start?

A

DNA dependent RNA polymerase binds to a promoter, moves in 5’3 direction

19
Q

RNA has ____ instead of _____

A

Uracil instead of thymine
AU CG

20
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

21
Q

Language of mRNA is in form of ______

A

Codons 1 set of 3

22
Q

How many sets of codons are there? Where is the start and stop? Amino acids?

A

-64 sets or 61
-Start: AUG–> methionine
-Stops: UAA , UAG, UGA
20 amino acids

23
Q

Why are there so many codons for the same amino acids?

A

In case of a mutation, amino acid does not change then protein will not change

24
Q

Missense mutation

A

change causes different amino acid to be used

25
Q

non-sense mutation

A

nucleotide change results in a stop codon

26
Q

silent mutation

A

no change occurs to amino acids or protein

27
Q

DNA is transferred from _____ to ______ cell

A

donor to recipient cell

28
Q

Transformation

A

Naked DNA from cell to cell
(no contact)

29
Q

Conjugation

A

-Genetic exchange through direct cell contact (using sex pilli)

30
Q

F+ cell contain

A

F plasmid or fertility factor
(pilli)

31
Q

Do f- have a plasmid?

A

No, but when it comes to contact with F+ cell plasmid genes are introduced and becomes F+ cell.

32
Q

Plasmids

A

extra chromosomal circular DNA
allows for conjugation

33
Q

HFR cell

A

has the plasmid gene

34
Q

What happens to the F- cell when it comes in contact with HFR cell

A

F- cells gets half of the chromosome, but not all. SO it is still an F- cell
Chromosomal and plasmid genes are transferred.

35
Q

transduction

A

transfer of genetic material by virus

microbial genetics (6 decks)

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