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Microbiology Final > Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Microbial Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleic acids

A

polymers of basic building blocks called nucleotide

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2
Q

A nucleoside is what

A

a pentose sugar attached to 5 nitrogenous bases

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3
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic aid

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4
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid contains genetic code

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5
Q

5 nitrogenous bases

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
  3. Cytosine
  4. Thymine
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6
Q

base pairing between what two nitrogenous bases are in RNA only

A

adenine and uracil
uracil replaces the thymine

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6
Q

What are the base pairs

A

A-T
G-C OR IN RNA U-C

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7
Q

DNA of prokaryotic genomes are found in two structures

A
  1. Chromosomes
  2. Plasmids
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8
Q

Prokaryotic Chromosomes

A

-bacterial cells package the main portion of DNA along with RNA and proteins in chromosome

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9
Q

Every cell has “” copy of the genome

A

single copy
haploid

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10
Q

A typical chromosome consists of what shape and where

A

circular molecule of DNA in the region of cytoplasm called the nucleiod

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11
Q

Is there a membrane surrounding the nucleiod

A

No

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12
Q

Archael DNA is what shape and located where

A

haploid
located in nuclei

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13
Q

What surrounds the archael chromosome

A

DNA is wrapped around globular proteins called histones

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14
Q

Plasmids

A

many cells contain one or more plasmids
small molecules of DNA that will replicate independentlyW

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15
Q

What are the shape of plasmids

A

usually circular

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16
Q

Each plasmid carries what

A

information required for its own replications

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17
Q

There are 4 different types of plasmids

A
  1. Fertility
  2. Resistance
  3. Bacterocin
  4. Virulence plasmids
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18
Q

Fertility Plasmids

A

carry instructions for conjugation : process by which bacterial cells transfer DNA to another bacterial cell

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19
Q

Resistance Plasmids

A

carry genes for resistance to one or more antimicrobial drug, certain cells will transfer resistance plasmids to other cells which then acquire resistance to same antimicrobial chemicals

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20
Q

Bacteriocin

A

carry genes for toxins called bacteriocins, which will kill bacterial cells of the same or similar species that lack a plasmid, the plasmid will kill its competitors

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21
Q

Virulence Plasmids

A

carry instructions for structures, enzymes or toxins that will enable bacteria to become pathogenic

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22
Q

Eukaryotic Genomes consist of

A

consist of
Nuclear and Extranuclear, some plasmids

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23
Q

What is the structure of Eukaroytic Genomes

A

chromosomes are linear, and within a nucleus

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24
Q

Are eukaryotic cells haploid

A

No, they are often diploid : two chromosome copies

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25
Q

Nuclear Chromosomes

A

have more than 1 nuclear chromosomes
some loose chromosomes as they mature
are all linear with nucleus
there is a nucleus envelop

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26
Q

Extranuclear Chromosomes

A

DNA molecules of mitochondria and chloroplasts
have similar resemblance to prokaryotes

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27
Q

DNA is what shape in Eukaryotic Genomes

A

circular

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28
Q

Whats the % coded in the extranuclear space

A

genes located in the extranuclear code for 5% RNA
nuclear DNA codes for the remaining 95%

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29
Q

DNA replication is what type of process

A

anabolic polymerization process = allowing cells to make copies of its genomes

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30
Q

The process of DNA requires what

A

monomers and energy
dGTP, dCTP, dTTP, dATP = using ribose sugar

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31
Q

What is the key to DNA replication

A

the complementary structure of the 2 strands

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32
Q

The process

A

a cell will separate two original strands and use each template for the synthesis of the new complementary strand

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33
Q

Replication is semiconservative

A

each of the daughter molecules retains on parental strand and has one new strand
each is half new and half old

34
Q

During DNA synthesis what is released and needed

A

proteins needed
energy is being released

35
Q

DNA replication begins at a specific sequence of nucleotides called

A

origin

36
Q

What does the enzyme DNA helices do

A

unzips the DNA molecule by breaking the H bonds between the nucleotide bases and exposes these bases to the replication fork

37
Q

What do protein molecules do at the replication fork

A

the protein molecules will stabilize the separated single strands so that they do not rejoin while replication proceeds

38
Q

What happens after helices untwists and separates the strands of DNA

A

polymerase will bind to each strand
catalyze synthesis of DNA by addition of new nucleotide at the 3’ end

39
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

is the enzyme of DNA replication in bacteria

40
Q

How are the strands synthesized in different ways

A

Leading stand 5-3’
Lagging strand 5-3’ but in shorter segments

41
Q

What is the replication fork

A

the area where the DNA replication takes place

42
Q

What enzymes remove supercoils and cut DNA

A

gyros and topoisomerase

43
Q

Helicase functions to

A

unzip and unwind and introduces supercoils in the DNA

44
Q

Methylation

A

makes DNA replication more complicated

45
Q

What happens in methylation

A

methylation of daughter strands where a methyl group is added to one or two bases

initiates DNA replication

46
Q

Methylation controls what

A

methylation is the control of genetic expression, turn off / turn on and transcribe

47
Q

Leading strand

A

synthesized continuously

48
Q

Lagging strand

A

synthesized discontinously

49
Q

Promoter of a gene

A

region of DNA located at beginning of the gene
binding site for RNA polymerase

50
Q

RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for

A

initiating transcription
contain nucleotides

51
Q

RNA coding sequence

A

region that codes information to produce RNA molecules
series of codons that specific AA

52
Q

Terminator

A

sequence of 3’ nucleotides to @ end of 5’
gene signalling the termination of transcription

53
Q

Cells transcribe 6 main types of RNA from DNA

A
  1. RNA primer
  2. messenger RNA
  3. Ribosomal RNA
  4. Transfer RNA
  5. Regulatory RNA
  6. Ribozymes
54
Q

RNA primer

A

molecules for DNA polymerase to use during DNA replciation

55
Q

Messenger RNA

A

molecules which carry genetic information from chromosomes to ribosomes

56
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

molecules that combine ribosomal polypeptides to form ribosomes

57
Q

Transfer RNA

A

molecules which deliver the correct AA to ribosomes based on the sequences of nucleotides in mRNA

58
Q

Regulatory RNA

A

molecules that interact with DNA to control gene expression

59
Q

Ribosomes

A

which are RNA molecules that function as metabolic enzymes in a cell

60
Q

What is transcription

A

genetic information encoded in DNA and copied into complementary RNA molecule > essential for gene expression

61
Q

What are the 3 steps of transcription

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
62
Q

Initiation of Transcription

A

occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region called the promoter
signal the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can “read” the bases in one of the DNA strands
the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mRNA with the complementary sequence of bases

63
Q

Where does transcription occur

A

in the nucleotide region of the cytoplasm in bacteria

64
Q

What is a promoter

A

enzymes that synthesize RNA will bind to a specific DNA nucleotide to initiate transcription

65
Q

Whats the difference between a promoter sequence and origin

A

A promoter is a DNA sequence that signals where to start transcribing a gene into RNA for protein synthesis, while the origin of replication is a sequence where replication of the entire DNA molecule begins during cell division.

66
Q

Elongation of Transcription of RNA

A

refers to the phase in which RNA polymerase synthesizes an RNA molecule using the DNA template
occurs after initiation
RNA moves along the DNA template strand 3’ to 5’ synthesizing a complementary RNA molecule in 5’ to 3’
it will unwind the DNA double helix
the enzyme will add ribonucleotides to the growing RNA chain

67
Q

Elongation in Transcription will continue until

A

RNA polymerase encounters a termination signal in the DNA sequence

68
Q

What are the two types of transcription termination

A
  1. rho independent termination
  2. rho dependent termination
69
Q

Rho INdependent termination

A

a specific DNA sequence in C-G known as GC-hairpin forms in the RNA transcript
this structure causes the RNA polymerase to pause and dissociate from the DNA template

70
Q

Rho DEpendent termination

A

a protein called RHO interacts with RNA transcript and RNA polymerase to facilitate termination
when RHO reaches the polymerase it induces the release of RNA polymerase from the DNA template which will lead to the termination of the transcription

71
Q

Transcriptional Differences in Eukaryotes

A

-occurs in the nucleus
-while translation occurs in cytoplasm
-have 3 RNA polymerases RNA pol I, II, III
-numerous transcription factors
-mRNA processed before translation

72
Q

Translation

A

process in which ribosomes use genetic information of nucleotide sequence to synthesize polypeptides

73
Q

In prokaryotic ribosomes are responsible for

A

protein synthesis, or translation

74
Q

What are the subunits of prokaryotic ribosomes

A

consist of two subunits
small subunit 30S and the large is 50S
which come together to form 70S

75
Q

When ribosomes are attached to mRNA during translation they provide what

A

binding sites for mRNA and tRNA molecules

76
Q

How many tRNA binding sites are there

A

there are three main tRNA binding sites located in the large subunit where tRNA molecules bind during translation

77
Q

A site

A

aminoacyl site
binding site for incoming aminoacyl tRNA carrying the amino acid corresponding to the next codon in the mRNA sequence

78
Q

P site

A

peptidyl site
binding site for the tRNA molecule that carries the growing polypeptide chain
where peptide bond formation occurs between adjacent amino acids

79
Q

E site

A

exit site
binding site for the tRNA molecule that has already delivered its AA to the growing polypeptide chain and is ready to exit the ribosome

80
Q

After a peptide is formed what happens to the sites

A

the tRNA at the P site moves to the E site before being released from the ribosome and recycled for another round of translation

81
Q

What are the steps of Translation

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
82
Q

Initiation of Translation

A

beginning of protein synthesis
assembly of ribosome
translation intitation begins with recognition of start codon typically AUG
the start codon proceeds by a ribosome binding site of the small ribosomal subunit
the large ribosomal completes at 70S ribosome
the initiator tRNA is bound to the P-site

83
Q
A

Microbiology Final (2 decks)

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