MICROBIAL EVOLUTION PT. 2

Question 1

common ancestral cell

Answer 1

LAST UNIVERSAL COMMON ANCESTOR

Question 2

led to the evolution of three major lineages of microbial cells

Answer 2

LUCA

Question 3

THEY HAVE DIVERGED FROM COMMON ANCESTRY

Answer 3

ARCHAEA AND EUKARYA

Question 4

protists that have fermentative metabolisms

Answer 4

ANAEROBIC ENDOSYMBIONTS (HYDROGENOSOMES)

Question 5

states that mitochondria and chlopoplasts in today’s eukaryotic cells were once separate prokaryotic microbes

Answer 5

ENDOSYMBIOTIC HYPOTHESIS

Question 6

Intracellular bacteria —> aerobic respiration

Answer 6

Mitochondrion

Question 7

photosynthetic cyanobacterium

Answer 7

chloroplast

Question 8

how does the bacteria and archaea increase their genetic pool

Answer 8

horizontal gene transfer

Question 9

HISTORICAL ROOTS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Illustrated the fruiting structures of molds; 1st one to describe microorganisms

Answer 9

ROBERT HOOKE

Question 10

first to observe and describe bacteria (wee animacules) accurately

Answer 10

ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK

Question 11

Discovered bacterial endospores - extremely heat-resistant form of bacteria

Answer 11

FERDINAND COHN

Question 12

Introduced the use of cottons for closing flasks and tubes

Answer 12

FERDINAND COHN

Question 13

Idea that living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

Answer 13

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

Question 14

he discredited spontaneous generation, and showed that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs

Answer 14

FRANCISCO REDI

Question 15

He supported the spontaneous generation.
He used the mutton broth and heat it. Placed it on the flask and sealed it. As a result, the broth become cloudy and contained microorganisms.

Answer 15

JOHN NEEDHAM

Question 16

He suggested that organic matter in the extract contained a “vital force” that confers the properties of life on nonliving matter.

Answer 16

JOHN NEEDHAM

Question 17

He supported the spontaneous generation. Broth in the flasks. Sealed. Boiled. As a result, no growth of microorganisms.

Answer 17

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI

Question 18

Proposed that air carried gems to the culture medium and external air is required for growth of animals already in the medium

Answer 18

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI

Question 19

demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms;

Answer 19

JOHN TYNDALL

Question 20

showed that if dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if directly exposed to air

Answer 20

JOHN TYNDALL

Question 21

Provided evidence for the existence of heat-resistant forms of bacteria

Answer 21

JOHN TYNDALL

Question 22

Heat-resistant bacteria could produce endospores

Answer 22

FERDINAND COHN

Question 23

Disproved spontaneous generation

Answer 23

LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 24

Swan-neck flask experiments, wherein he placed the nutrient solution in flasks that has long, curved necks, boiled it and let it be exposed to the air. As a result, no growth of microorganisms.

Answer 24

LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 25

Diseases were believed to be due to supernatural forces or 4 bodily fluid humors ---

Answer 25

blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

Question 26

showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus

Answer 26

AGOSTINI BASSI

Question 27

demonstrated that the great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a water mold

Answer 27

M.J. Berkeley

Question 28

showed that smut and rust fungi caused cereal crop diseases

Answer 28

HEINRICH DE BARY

Question 29

discovered that bacteria causes wine to sour

Answer 29

LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 30

It is done to avoid wine spoilage

Answer 30

PASTEURIZATION

Question 31

Showed that pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan

Answer 31

LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 32

Provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the causal agents of disease

Answer 32

JOSEPH LISTER

Question 33

developed a system of antiseptic surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds as well as methods for heating instruments and disinfecting surgical dressings

Answer 33

JOSEPH LISTER

Question 34

Established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax

Answer 34

ROBERT KOCH

Question 35

The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.

Answer 35

KOCH'S POSTULATES

Question 36

LIMITATION IN KOCH'S POSTULATES

Answer 36

1. cannot be grown in pure culture 2. unethical to use humans 3. molecular and genetic evidence may replace and overcome these limits

Question 37

Koch's experiment led to discovery and development of

Answer 37

agar petri dishes nutrient broth and nutrient agar methods for isolating microorganisms

Question 38

developed porcelain bacterial filters

Answer 38

CHARLES CHAMBERLAND

Question 39

Determined that extracts from diseased plants had infectious agents present which were smaller than bacteria and passed through the filters

Answer 39

IVANOSKI AND BEIJERINCK

Question 40

Discovered that incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease

Answer 40

PASTEUR AND ROUX

Question 41

pathogens lose their ability to cause disease

Answer 41

ATTENUATION

Question 42

Called attanuated bacteria a vaccine

Answer 42

PASTEUR

Question 43

First one to discover vaccine for cowpox

Answer 43

EDWARD JENNER

Question 44

What vaccines did Pasteur developed?

Answer 44

chicken cholera anthrax rabies

Question 45

study of host defenses

Answer 45

IMMUNOLOGY

Question 46

Used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox

Answer 46

EDWARD JENNER

Question 47

They developed antitoxins for diptheria and tetanus; provided evidence for humoral (antibody-based) immunity

Answer 47

EMIL VON BEHRING AND SHIBASABURO KITASATO

Question 48

discovered bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in the blood; evidence for cellular immunity

Answer 48

ELIE METCHNIKOFF

Question 49

demonstrated that alcohol fermentations and other fermentations were the result of microbial activity

Answer 49

LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 50

Studied soil microorganisms and discovered metabolic processes (nitrogen-fixation)

Answer 50

SERGEI WINOGRADSKY AND MARTINUS BEIJERINCK

Question 51

Pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media

Answer 51

SERGEI WINOGRADSKY AND MARTINUS BEIJERINCK

Question 52

Basic aspects of microbiology

Answer 52

MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY GENETICS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY MICROBIAL ECOLOGY SYSTEMATICS

Question 53

Applied aspects

Answer 53

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY AGRICULTURAL/SOIL MICROBIOLOGY AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY FOOD AND INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY

Question 54

led to a second golden age of microbiology

Answer 54

Molecular and Genomic Methods

Question 55

restriction endonucleases

Answer 55

ARBER AND SMITH

Question 56

first novel recombinant molecule

Answer 56

Jackson, Symons, Berg

Question 57

DNA sequencing methods

Answer 57

Woese, Sanger

Question 58

bioinformatics and genomic sequencing analysis

Answer 58

Paulien Hogeweg and Ben Hesper

Question 59

diseases of humans and animals

Answer 59

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Question 60

Control and spread of communicable diseases

Answer 60

PUBLIC HEALTH MICROBIOLOGY

Question 61

how the immune system protects a host from pathogens

Answer 61

IMMUNOLOGY

Question 62

Concerned with the relationship of organisms with their environment

Answer 62

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Question 63

Concerned with the impact of microorganisms on agriculture | Food safety microbiology Animal and Plant pathogens

Answer 63

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

Question 64

It includes fermentation, antibiotic production, production of cheese, bread, etc.

Answer 64

INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

Question 65

STUDIES METABOLIC PATHWAYS OF MICROORGANISMS

Answer 65

Microbial physiology

Question 66

study the nature of genetic information and how it regulates the development and function of cells and organisms

Answer 66

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY MICROBIAL GENETICS BIOINFORMATICS

Question 67

are a model system of genomics

Answer 67

MICROBES