MICROBIAL EVOLUTION PT. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

common ancestral cell

A

LAST UNIVERSAL COMMON ANCESTOR

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2
Q

led to the evolution of three major lineages of microbial cells

A

LUCA

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3
Q

THEY HAVE DIVERGED FROM COMMON ANCESTRY

A

ARCHAEA AND EUKARYA

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4
Q

protists that have fermentative metabolisms

A

ANAEROBIC ENDOSYMBIONTS (HYDROGENOSOMES)

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5
Q

states that mitochondria and chlopoplasts in today’s eukaryotic cells were once separate prokaryotic microbes

A

ENDOSYMBIOTIC HYPOTHESIS

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6
Q

Intracellular bacteria —> aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondrion

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7
Q

photosynthetic cyanobacterium

A

chloroplast

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8
Q

how does the bacteria and archaea increase their genetic pool

A

horizontal gene transfer

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9
Q

HISTORICAL ROOTS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Illustrated the fruiting structures of molds; 1st one to describe microorganisms

A

ROBERT HOOKE

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10
Q

first to observe and describe bacteria (wee animacules) accurately

A

ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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11
Q

Discovered bacterial endospores - extremely heat-resistant form of bacteria

A

FERDINAND COHN

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12
Q

Introduced the use of cottons for closing flasks and tubes

A

FERDINAND COHN

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13
Q

Idea that living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

A

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

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14
Q

he discredited spontaneous generation, and showed that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs

A

FRANCISCO REDI

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15
Q

He supported the spontaneous generation.
He used the mutton broth and heat it. Placed it on the flask and sealed it. As a result, the broth become cloudy and contained microorganisms.

A

JOHN NEEDHAM

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16
Q

He suggested that organic matter in the extract contained a “vital force” that confers the properties of life on nonliving matter.

A

JOHN NEEDHAM

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17
Q

He supported the spontaneous generation. Broth in the flasks. Sealed. Boiled. As a result, no growth of microorganisms.

A

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI

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18
Q

Proposed that air carried gems to the culture medium and external air is required for growth of animals already in the medium

A

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI

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19
Q

demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms;

A

JOHN TYNDALL

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20
Q

showed that if dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if directly exposed to air

A

JOHN TYNDALL

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21
Q

Provided evidence for the existence of heat-resistant forms of bacteria

A

JOHN TYNDALL

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22
Q

Heat-resistant bacteria could produce endospores

A

FERDINAND COHN

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23
Q

Disproved spontaneous generation

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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24
Q

Swan-neck flask experiments, wherein he placed the nutrient solution in flasks that has long, curved necks, boiled it and let it be exposed to the air. As a result, no growth of microorganisms.

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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25
Q

Diseases were believed to be due to supernatural forces or 4 bodily fluid humors —

A

blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

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26
Q

showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus

A

AGOSTINI BASSI

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27
Q

demonstrated that the great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a water mold

A

M.J. Berkeley

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28
Q

showed that smut and rust fungi caused cereal crop diseases

A

HEINRICH DE BARY

29
Q

discovered that bacteria causes wine to sour

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

30
Q

It is done to avoid wine spoilage

A

PASTEURIZATION

31
Q

Showed that pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

32
Q

Provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the causal agents of disease

A

JOSEPH LISTER

33
Q

developed a system of antiseptic surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds as well as methods for heating instruments and disinfecting surgical dressings

A

JOSEPH LISTER

34
Q

Established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax

A

ROBERT KOCH

35
Q

The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.

A

KOCH’S POSTULATES

36
Q

LIMITATION IN KOCH’S POSTULATES

A
  1. cannot be grown in pure culture
  2. unethical to use humans
  3. molecular and genetic evidence may replace and overcome these limits
37
Q

Koch’s experiment led to discovery and development of

A

agar
petri dishes
nutrient broth and nutrient agar
methods for isolating microorganisms

38
Q

developed porcelain bacterial filters

A

CHARLES CHAMBERLAND

39
Q

Determined that extracts from diseased plants had infectious agents present which were smaller than bacteria and passed through the filters

A

IVANOSKI AND BEIJERINCK

40
Q

Discovered that incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease

A

PASTEUR AND ROUX

41
Q

pathogens lose their ability to cause disease

A

ATTENUATION

42
Q

Called attanuated bacteria a vaccine

A

PASTEUR

43
Q

First one to discover vaccine for cowpox

A

EDWARD JENNER

44
Q

What vaccines did Pasteur developed?

A

chicken cholera
anthrax
rabies

45
Q

study of host defenses

A

IMMUNOLOGY

46
Q

Used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox

A

EDWARD JENNER

47
Q

They developed antitoxins for diptheria and tetanus; provided evidence for humoral (antibody-based) immunity

A

EMIL VON BEHRING AND SHIBASABURO KITASATO

48
Q

discovered bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in the blood; evidence for cellular immunity

A

ELIE METCHNIKOFF

49
Q

demonstrated that alcohol fermentations and other fermentations were the result of microbial activity

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

50
Q

Studied soil microorganisms and discovered metabolic processes (nitrogen-fixation)

A

SERGEI WINOGRADSKY AND MARTINUS BEIJERINCK

51
Q

Pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media

A

SERGEI WINOGRADSKY AND MARTINUS BEIJERINCK

52
Q

Basic aspects of microbiology

A

MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY
GENETICS
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
SYSTEMATICS

53
Q

Applied aspects

A

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY
AGRICULTURAL/SOIL MICROBIOLOGY
AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY
FOOD AND INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY

54
Q

led to a second golden age of microbiology

A

Molecular and Genomic Methods

55
Q

restriction endonucleases

A

ARBER AND SMITH

56
Q

first novel recombinant molecule

A

Jackson, Symons, Berg

57
Q

DNA sequencing methods

A

Woese, Sanger

58
Q

bioinformatics and genomic sequencing analysis

A

Paulien Hogeweg and Ben Hesper

59
Q

diseases of humans and animals

A

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

60
Q

Control and spread of communicable diseases

A

PUBLIC HEALTH MICROBIOLOGY

61
Q

how the immune system protects a host from pathogens

A

IMMUNOLOGY

62
Q

Concerned with the relationship of organisms with their environment

A

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

63
Q

Concerned with the impact of microorganisms on agriculture

Food safety microbiology
Animal and Plant pathogens

A

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

64
Q

It includes fermentation, antibiotic production, production of cheese, bread, etc.

A

INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

65
Q

STUDIES METABOLIC PATHWAYS OF MICROORGANISMS

A

Microbial physiology

66
Q

study the nature of genetic information and how it regulates the development and function of cells and organisms

A

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
MICROBIAL GENETICS
BIOINFORMATICS

67
Q

are a model system of genomics

A

MICROBES

68
Q
A