microbial diversity

Question 1

how big are microbes?

Answer 1

less than 1mm/ microscopic

Question 2

how long have microbes been on earth?

Answer 2

3.8 billion years

Question 3

hydrothermal vents as the origin of life

Answer 3

life arose from gases (H2, CO2, N2, and H2S) with energy from harnessing geochemical gradients created at a special kind of deep-sea hydrothermal vent

Compartments or inorganic vesicles created in alkaline deep sea vents could have produced chemical gradients very similar to the proton gradients seen in the membranes

Question 4

lipid membranes as the origin of life

Answer 4

Synthesis of phospholipid vesicles could have enclosed the replication and biochemical reactions

Question 5

feeding methods of bacteria and archaea

Answer 5

feed by absorption of nutrients

Question 6

feeding methods of protists

Answer 6

feed by engulfing particles or other organisms or by photosynthesis

Question 7

fungi feeding methods?

Answer 7

Osmotrophs

Question 8

Carl Woese (1970s)

Answer 8

pioneered the use of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing and devised the concept of three domains of life

Question 9

where is 16s Ribosomal RNA found?

Answer 9

Found in all bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes have in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Question 10

3 pieces of evidence supporting the Endosymbiotic theory for evolution of eukaryotic cells

Answer 10

organelles have a small genome

cyanobacteria are the ancestors of chloroplasts
alphaproteobacteria are the ancestors of mitochondria

secondary endosymbiosis led to the increasing diversification of eukaryotes

Question 11

the ‘original host’?

Answer 11

Asgard Archaea

Question 12

what are Stramenopiles?

Answer 12

‘well known’ algae
- micro/diatoms
-macro/kelps

Question 13

where are Stramenopiles /Diatoms more productive?

Answer 13

in temperate and polar regions

Question 14

what are stramenopiles enclosed in?

Answer 14

hard silica (SiO2)
‘shell ike’ structure
FRUSTULE

Question 15

What are the two major lineages in Haptista?

Answer 15

Haptophytes
centrohelids

Question 16

where can you find Haptophytes?

Answer 16

marine

Question 17

where can you find Centrohelids?

Answer 17

freshwater

Question 18

Haptophytes outer layer?

Answer 18

covered with external scales or plates called coccoliths
made of calcium carbonate

Question 19

what do Archaeplastids contain?

Answer 19

primary plastids from endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium

Question 20

three major Alveolates groups

Answer 20

Cilliates
Dinoflagellates
Aplicomplexans

Question 21

how many species of ciliates?

Answer 21

over 8000

Question 22

ciliates feeding method?

Answer 22

Synchronous beating creates water currents to channel particulate food into the cell

Question 23

dinoflagellates feeding method?

Answer 23

extend a “feeding veil” (pallium) with which they surround large prey and secrete digestive enzymes extracellularly

Question 24

what are Apicomplexans?

Answer 24

unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of other eukaryotes

Question 25

major 2 groups of Rhizarians

Answer 25

• Foramaminiferans
• Acanthareans

Question 26

when can bacteria be considered the same species?

Answer 26

(1) they have more than 70% DNA-DNA hybridization

(2) their 16SrRNA gene sequences are more than 97% similar

(3) they share a high degree of similarity, with characteristics
that distinguish them from other species

Question 27

where is Synachococus mainly found?

Answer 27

in the top 20m in nearly all surface waters

Question 28

Prochlorocococcus’ pigments harvest what colour of light?

Answer 28

blue

Question 29

the most prominent nitrogen fixer in tropical and subtropical oceans (50% of surface waters)

Answer 29

Trichodesmium

Question 30

what do some anaerobic SOB use as an electron acceptor?

Answer 30

nitrate

Question 31

what does ‘SOB’ mean?

Answer 31

‘Sulfur oxidising bacteria’

Question 32

distribution of gammaproteobacteria/vibrios?

Answer 32

worldwide distribution in coastal and ocean water and sediments

Question 33

uncultured Vibrionaceae in Anglerfish cause?

Answer 33

their light

Question 34

what do Psychropiezophilic oceanospirillales do?

Answer 34

degrade complex organic compounds
(collagen, cholesterol and lipid from bones)

Question 35

what does ‘OHCB’ stand for?

Answer 35

Obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria

Question 36

purpose of Obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria

Answer 36

involved in the mineralization of hydrocarbon pollutants

Question 37

production of methane

Answer 37

methanogenesis

Question 38

what does viral lysis lead to an increase of?

Answer 38

increased bacterial production and respiration