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MBIO162- Biodiversity > basic biodiversity > Flashcards

basic biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

morphological species

A

Smallest natural populations permanently separated from each other by a distinct discontinuity in heritable characteristics.

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2
Q

biological species

A

interbreeding natural population that do not successfully mate/reproduce with other groups.

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3
Q

evolutionary species

A

single lineage of ancestor-descendent populations distinct from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate.

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4
Q

OUTs

A

operational taxonomic units

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5
Q

rough species count

A

est 13.6 million

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6
Q

most animals are

A

insects

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7
Q

Aristotle- 384-322 B.C.E

A

enquires into animals

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8
Q

Theophrastus- 370-286 B.C.E

A

enquires into animals

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9
Q

carl linnaeus

A

hierarchical classification of life

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10
Q

darwin

A

evolution- introduction of relationships

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11
Q

Whittaker 1960s

A

5 kingdom approach

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12
Q

Woese 1970s

A

classification based on molecules (DNA/RNA)

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13
Q

number of described species

A

1.74 million

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14
Q

species-area relationship

A

as size of geological area increases so does the number of species it contains

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15
Q

SEA Biodiversity (plants)

A

Very few, large photosynthetic organisms – mainly short lived, microscopic algae.

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16
Q

LAND Biodiversity (plants)

A

Dominated by persistant long-lived ‘large’ flowering plants.

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17
Q

SEA biodiversity (animals)

A

Dominant herbivores – micro (copepods).
Majority of large animals carnivorous.

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18
Q

LAND Biodiversity (animals)

A

dominant herbivores can be large

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19
Q

SEA Biodiversity (grazing)

A

Grazing – ingestion of entire autotroph.

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20
Q

LAND Biodiversity (grazing)

A

Grazing – rarely removes significant amounts of communities (indigestible, e.g. wood).

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21
Q

MARINE Food chain

A

average 5 links

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22
Q

LAND Food chain

A

average 3 links

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23
Q

which depth zone has the most distribution of marine biodiversity

A

Abyssal zone

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24
Q

which depth zone has the least distribution of marine biodiversity

A

halal zone

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25
Q

Biogeographic region with the greatest biodiversity

A

Neotropics

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26
Q

local-regional size

A

local species richness tends to be an increasing function of regional richness

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27
Q

species richness with latitude

A

species (or genera or family) richness increases from high (temperate) to low (tropical) latitudes.

28
Q

planktonic diversity

A

all three domains of life
overall decline towards the poles
driven by decreasing water temperatures

29
Q

shallow water diversity

A

Coastal marine fish/bacteria- increase in species richness towards the equator
Coral reef fish- no pattern
Amphipods/isopods/bivalves- highest before reach equator

30
Q

deep sea diversity

A

Increase in species richness towards the equator for a number of taxa bivalves, gastropods and isopods… but not all
Foraminiferans- highest before reach equator

31
Q

pelagic diversity

A

Increase in species richness towards the equator- ostrapods, euphausiids (krill), shrimp, fish (N-Hemisphere), bacteria, most pelagic taxa?

32
Q

earliest animals

charcteristics/features

A

Strange shapes
Sheet/leaf like
Soft bodies
(most) no mouth or gut
Must contain photosynthetic algae
Adapted to ‘low level O2 levels? (I.e 7-10% present day)

33
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

550mya- all major animal groups appeared
arthropod/trilobites, graptolite (Hemichchordata), mollusc, brachiopod, chordate

34
Q

diversification now causes

A

continents breaking up- increased area of continental shelf- appearance of shallow seas
climate- warmer/ critical oxygen level?
developmental genetics and origin of major phyla- huge mrphologial change

35
Q

C.Post Cambrian

pattern and events

A

patterns- huge radiation major groups appear
End: stabilization of many of the new groups

Appearance of all the major groups including jawless fish and marine ‘plants’
Pattern-
ORDOVICIAN (O)- PERMIAN (P)
Huge increase in biodiversity
Then ‘stable’ for ¼ billion years
Little ecological specialization in sea

36
Q

ordovician

A

appearance of jawed fish (cartiliginous and bony)

37
Q

Silurian

A

first land plants

38
Q

Devonian

A

‘age of fish’
first amphibians
earliest insects

39
Q

carboniferous

A

hge terrestrial forests dominate
first reptiles

40
Q

Paleozoic/Permian period

patterns and effects

A

EVENTS-
Appearance of mammal-like reptiles
Extinction of trilobites
Permian (P)-
Ended with largest biodiversity crash known
End of paleozoic (early life)

41
Q

mezozoic period

triassic, jurassic , cretaceous periods

A

Ended with largest Biodiversity crash known.
Beginning of Mesozoic (‘middle life’).
Rebirth of marine Biodiversity but with very different forms that increases (with blips) to the present day

EVENTS-
Triassic (T)-
Marine: Expansion of shell breaking predators
disruptive sediment movers
Beginning of the ‘rule’ of 10 cm
marine reptiles

Terrestrial:
beginning of the ruling reptiles
(and dinosaurs)

Jurassic (J):
Age of the ruling reptiles

Cretaceous (K):
Extinction of ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, mesosaurs and ammonites
Extinction of dinosaurs and flying reptiles

42
Q

mezozoic period

triassic, jurassic , cretaceous periods

A

Ended with largest Biodiversity crash known.
Beginning of Mesozoic (‘middle life’).
Rebirth of marine Biodiversity but with very different forms that increases (with blips) to the present day

EVENTS-
Triassic (T)-
Marine: Expansion of shell breaking predators
disruptive sediment movers
Beginning of the ‘rule’ of 10 cm
marine reptiles

Terrestrial:
beginning of the ruling reptiles
(and dinosaurs)

Jurassic (J):
Age of the ruling reptiles

Cretaceous (K):
Extinction of ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, mesosaurs and ammonites
Extinction of dinosaurs and flying reptiles

43
Q

triassic period

A

expansions of shell breaking predators
sediment movers (disruptive)
‘rule’ or 10cm
rbirth of marine biodiversity

44
Q

terrestrial period

A

beginning of ruling reptiles and dinosaurs

45
Q

jurassic period

A

age of ruling reptiles

46
Q

Cretaceous period

A

extimction of ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, mesosaurs and ammonites
extinction of dinosaurs and flying reptiles

47
Q

post cambrian- CENOZOIC

A

Biodiversity continues to increase exponentially
Paleogene (PG)-
Beginning of the age of mammals and flowering plants (angiosperms) on land

Neogene (N) & Quaternary (Q)-
Age of insects, molluscs, fish (again) and one particular mammal

48
Q

direct-use for biodiversity

6 uses

A

food,medicine, biological control, industrial materials, recreational harvesting, ecotourism

49
Q

number of flowering plant species

A

370,000
12,500 considered edible

50
Q

what % of medicine is derived from natural products

A

35%
($385 billion. y-1)

51
Q

Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia) medical use

A

contains taxol- anti-cancer drug
(breast/ovarian)

52
Q

medical use for venom (Tropical reef cone snails)/block ion channels

A

wide diversity of peptides

53
Q

what natural enemies are used to control problem species

A

successful 30% weed biocontrol,
40% insect biocontrol

54
Q

examples of biomimichy

A

termite mounds- air con systems
burdock seeds- velcro

55
Q

examples of recreational harvesting

A

hunting/fishing
personal gardens

56
Q

value of aquarium industry

A

$1 billion

57
Q

how many zoos globally?

A

825 zoos
15k species

58
Q

number of urban visitors to countryside

A

650 million day visits

59
Q

indirect ecosystem services

A

Atmospheric regulation
Climatic regulation
Hydrological regulation
Nutrient cycling
Pest control
Photosynthesis
Pollination
Soil formation/maintenance

60
Q

world gross national product

A

$17 TRILLION

61
Q

Relationship between species richness, species redundancy and resiliences

A

Seems that greater species richness increases -species redundancy.
-resilience of ecosystem function through time (insurance effect) and so reliability of function.

62
Q

principal causes for extinction

A

overexploitation
habitat loss
introduced species
extinction cascades

63
Q

objectives of CBD

A
  1. Conservation of biological diversity
  2. Sustainable use of its components
  3. Equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources.
64
Q

when was the UK Biodiversity Action Plan launched?

A

1994

65
Q

what article led countries to develop National Biodiversity strategies

A

Article 6

66
Q

how many articles are in the CBD

A

42

67
Q

Issues with *in situ *conservation

A
  1. most areas too smal
  2. protected areas biased
  3. designated YES-protected NO (PAPER PARKS)
  4. overall extent of existing conservation network improving but still too small

MBIO162- Biodiversity (6 decks)

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