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MICROPARA MIDTERM > Microbial Control > Flashcards

Microbial Control Flashcards

1
Q

Control of microbial growth means to inhibit or prevent growth of microorganisms.

A

Microbial Control

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2
Q

Microbial control is affected in two basic ways:

A

(1) by killing microorganisms

(2) by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms

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3
Q

Why do we need to control microbes?.

A

(1) prevent diseases

(2) preserve food and increase shelf-life

(3) quality control during production and research

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4
Q

Hospital Control

• Antiseptic methods for surgery, boiling of surgical instruments

• Disinfectants for hands and wounds

A

Joseph Lister & Ignaz Semmelweis

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5
Q

Hospital Control

• Sanitary procedures and training

• Procedures for reducing hospital overcrowding

A

Florence Nightingale

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6
Q

6 Basic Principles of Microbial Control

A

+ Sterilization

+ Aseptic

+ Disinfection

+ Degerming

+ Sanitization

+ Pasteurization

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7
Q

The removal or destruction of all microbes, including viruses and bacterial endospores, in or on an object or habitat.

A

Sterilization

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8
Q

An environment or procedure that is free of contamination by pathogens.

A

Aseptic

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9
Q

The killing, inhibition, or removal of microorganisms that may cause disease. The primary goal is to destroy potential pathogens.

A

Disinfection

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10
Q

The removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing.

A

Degerming

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11
Q

The process of disinfecting places and utensils used by the public to reduce the number of pathogenic microbes to meet accepted public health standards.

A

Sanitization

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12
Q

The use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages.

A

Pasteurization

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13
Q

The permanent loss of reproductive ability under ideal environmental conditions.

A

Microbial death

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14
Q

❑ Used to evaluate the efficacy of an antimicrobial agent.

❑ Usually constant over time for any particular microorganism under a particular set of conditions.

❑ When the microbial death rate is plotted on a semilogarithmic graph, this constant death rate produces a straight line.

A

Microbial death rate

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15
Q

Give damage to a membrane’s proteins or phospholipids and therefore allows the cellular contents to leak out and causes death.

A

Alteration of cell walls (fungi)

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16
Q

Give damage to viral envelope that interrupts the reproduction.

A

Alteration of cell membranes (virus)

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17
Q

Often to select a method to kill the hardiest microorganisms present, assuming that method will kill more fragile microbes as well.

A

Relative Susceptibility of Microorganisms

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18
Q

level kill all pathogens, including endospores.

A

High

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19
Q

level kill fungal spores, protozoan cysts, viruses and pathogenic bacteria.

A

Intermediate

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20
Q

level kill vegetative bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some viruses.

A

Low

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21
Q

Degree of Resistance of Microorganisms

A

Most Resistant to Most Susceptible

+ Prions
+ Bacterial endospores
+ Mycobacteria
+ Cysts of protozoa
+ Active-stage protozoa (trophozoites)
+ Most Gram-negative bacteria
+ Fungi
+ Nonenveloped viruses
+ Most Gram-positive bacteria
+ Enveloped viruses

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22
Q

Environmental Conditions

A

❑Temperature

❑pH

❑To clean objects before sterilization.

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23
Q

• The first method used.

• If >1.0; the agent is more effective than phenol.

• The larger the ratio, the greater the effectiveness.

A

Phenol Coefficient

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24
Q

• The current standard test

• The most effective agent is the one that entirely prevents microbial growth at the highest dilution.

A

Use-Dilution Test or Disk-diffusion Method

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25
Q

• A more realistic method

• Swabs are taken from actual objects before and after application of disinfectant.

• More accurate determination of a given disinfection agent for each specific situation.

A

In-use Test

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26
Q

2 Antimicrobial Methods

A

+ Physical Methods

+ Chemical Methods

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27
Q

Physical Methods

A
  1. Heat
  2. Cold
  3. Desiccation
  4. Radiation
  5. Ultrasonic Waves
  6. Filtration
  7. Gaseous Atmosphere
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28
Q

Chemical Methods

A
  1. Disinfectants
  2. Antiseptics
  3. Preservatives
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29
Q

High temperatures denature proteins, interfere with the integrity of cytoplasmic membranes and cell walls and disrupt the function and structure of nucleic acids.

A

HEAT-RELATED METHODS

30
Q

lowest temperature that kills all cells in a broth in 10 minutes.

A

Thermal death point

31
Q

the time it takes to completely sterilize a particular volume of liquid at a set temperature.

A

Thermal death time

32
Q

time required to destroy 90% of the microbes in a sample.

A

Decimal reduction time (D)

33
Q

• To disinfect, sanitize, sterilize and pasteurize by denaturing proteins and destroying cytoplasmic membranes.

• More effective than dry heat because water is better conductor than air.

• Methods: Boiling, Autoclaving, and Pasteurization

A

MOIST HEAT

34
Q

• Denatures proteins and fosters the oxidation of metabolic and structural chemicals.

• For substances cannot be sterilized by boiling or steam or materials can be damaged by repeated exposure to steam.

A

DRY HEAT

35
Q

• Kills vegetative cells of bacteria and fungi, protozoan trophozoites, and most viruses.

• Boiling Point and Atmospheric Pressure is important.

• higher atm. pressure = higher boiling point

A

Boiling

36
Q

• Pressure applied to boiling water prevents steam from escaping.

• ↑ boiling temp = ↑ pressure

• Autoclave – a device that uses steam heat under pressure to sterilize chemicals and objects

• 121 deg C, 15 psi, 15 mins

A

Autoclaving

37
Q

• Heating foods to kill pathogens and control spoilage without altering the quality of foods.

• Can be achieved by:

+ Batch sterilization (62°C for 30 mins.) _LTH

+ Flash sterilization ( 72°C for 15 sec.) _HTST

+ Ultra high temp. sterilization (134°C for 1 sec.) _UHT

A

Pasteurization

38
Q

• Temperature is between 0°C – 7°C for refrigeration and below 0°C for freezing.

• It will decrease microbial metabolism, growth and reproduction.

A

REFRIGERATION and FREEZING

39
Q

• Desiccation or (drying) inhibits microbial growth because the absence of water.

• Lyophilization (freeze drying) is a technique combining freezing and drying to preserve microbes and cells.

A

DESICCATION and LYOPHILIZATION

40
Q

• The passage of a fluid (liquid or gas) through a sieve to trap and separate particles (cells or viruses) from the fluid.

• To sterilize heat-sensitive materials (antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes etc.).

A

FILTRATION

41
Q

• It is the pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

42
Q

consists high- speed subatomic particles that have been freed from their atoms.

A

Radiation / Particulate radiation

43
Q

energy without mass traveling in waves in the speed of lights.

A

Radiation / Electromagnetic radiation

44
Q

• Wavelengths shorter than 1 nm.

• Electron beams, gamma rays, and x-rays.

A

IONIZING RADIATION

45
Q

• Wavelength greater than 1 nm.

• UV light, visible light, infrared radiation and radio waves.

A

NON-IONIZING RADIATION.

46
Q

compounds derived from phenol molecules that have been chemically modified by the addition of halogens or organic functional groups.

A

Phenolics

47
Q

Commonly used in healthcare settings, laboratories and households.

A

PHENOLS AND PHENOLICS

48
Q

• Commonly used are isopropanol and ethanol.

•- ve: not effective against fungal spores or bacteria endospores.

•Pure alcohol is not an effective as 70% and 90% because no water.

A

ALCOHOLS

49
Q

• Peroxides, ozone andnperaceticnacid.

• +ve: effective against anaerobic microorganisms contaminating deep wounds.

• Used by healthcare workers to kill anaerobes

• -ve: ozone is expensive.

A

OXIDIZING AGENTS

50
Q

Used both alone and combined with other elements in organic and inorganic compounds

A

HALOGENS

51
Q

• well-known antiseptic for water.

• -ve: cannot destroy protozoan cysts.

A

Iodine

52
Q

• (iodine-containing organic compound)

• used in medical institution

A

Iodophor

53
Q

• treat drinking water, swimming pools and waste water.

• -ve: by-products are trihalomethanes (THMs), increased risk of cancer.

A

Chlorine

54
Q

•To reduce the surface tension of solvents (water)…

-ve: not effective;against non-enveloped viruses, mycobacteria and endospores.

A

SURFACTANTS

55
Q

• Such as arsenic, zinc, mercury, silver and copper.

• Low-level bacteriostatic and fungistatic agents.
• -ve: mercury is a metabolic poison, silver nitrate is irritating.

A

HEAVY METALS

56
Q

• Suitable for large or bulky items.

•Gases such as ethylene oxide,…

•-ve: can be extremely hazardous (explosive and poisonous) to the people using them.

A

GASEOUS AGENTS

57
Q

• Antibiotics, semi-synthetics and synthetics.

• Typically used for treatment of disease.

A

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

58
Q

chemicals produced naturally by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.

A

Antibiotics

59
Q

antibiotic undergo modification.

A

Semisynthetic

60
Q

In body fluids to be transported in the body and reach the infectious organisms.

A

SOLUBILITY

61
Q

They must be more toxic to microorganisms than to host cells.

A

SELECTIVE TOXICITY

62
Q

It is not easily altered: should have a standard toxicity and not be made more or less toxic by interactions with foods or other drugs.

A

TOXICITY

63
Q

Should not cause an allergic reaction.

A

NONALLERGIC

64
Q

Maintenance of a constant, therapeutic concentration in blood and tissue fluids - should have the same therapeutic activity over many hours.

A

STABILITY

65
Q

Resistance by microorganisms not easily acquired.

A

RESISTANT

66
Q

To destroy a prion, it must be denatured to the point that it can no longer cause normal proteins to misfold.

Sustained heat for several hours at extremely high temperatures will reliably destroy a prion.

A

(900°F and above)

67
Q

was an antiseptic used during surgery in the late 1800s.

A

Phenol

68
Q

A resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells

A

Endospores

69
Q

water inside.

the relative concentrations of solute and water are equal on both sides of the membrane..

A

Isotonic

70
Q

Water outside.

If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will leave the cell, and the cell will shrink.

A

Hypertonic

71
Q

The most reliable and universally applicable method is sterilization.

The most practical, efficient, and inexpensive method of sterilization.

A

Heat

MICROPARA MIDTERM (3 decks)

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