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Science > Microbes, Microbiomes and the Immune System > Flashcards

Microbes, Microbiomes and the Immune System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do you wash your hands?
Cough into your elbow?
Sneez into a tissue?

A

To stop the spread of germs.

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2
Q

What percent of your DNA belongs to micro-organisms?

A

99%

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3
Q

How long does it takes for food to travel through your digestive system from one end to the other?

A

Food generally takes about 30-50 hours, so 1-2 days, for food to travel from mouth to anus.

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4
Q

Which part of the digestive process takes the longest?

A

The large intestine holds food for the longest time (about 10 hours to several days). The process takes a long time since the large intestine is long and wide (about 1.5 m long and 5 cm wide) and the body wants to ensure that the maximum amount of water is absorbed into the bloodstream.

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5
Q

What is a Microbiome?

A

A microbiome is the total populationof microbes and their genetic material in a particular environment.

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6
Q

What is a Microbe?

A

A microbe is an organism which can only be seen under a microscope.

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7
Q

What is a Metabolic Disease?

A

A medical term for any disorder that disrupts the conversion of food to energy in your body’s cells.

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8
Q

What are the 5 types of microbes.

A

Protozoa, Fungus, Bacterium, Virus and Algae

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9
Q

Characteristics of Protozoa

A

Single Celled, their cells have membrane-bound nuclei (eukaryotic), they lack a rigid cell wall, they usually lack chloroplasts, they vary widely in size, cell structure and form.

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10
Q

Characteristics of Fungus

A

their cells have membrane-bound nuclei (eukaryotic),they do not use photosynthesis,
they form spores, they have rigid cell walls, respiration takes place in bodies called mitochondria in the cytoplasm. Fungal cells have an elaborate arrangement of internal membranes. Divided into two main groups; filamentous fungi (Moulds and mushrooms) and yeasts.

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11
Q

Characteristics of Bacterium

A

Single Celled, reproduce by splitting into two, every individual bacterium is capable of carrying out all of the activities needed to metabolise and reproduce.

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12
Q

Characteristics of Virus’

A

are very small and can only be seen under an electron microscope, have no cellular structure,
are obligate intracellular parasites which means they can only multiply inside the living cells of animals, plants or other microbes. This process harms the host, resulting in a disease. Outside of the host they are inert particles called virions.

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13
Q

Algae

A

their cells have membrane-bound nuclei (eukaryotic), they contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis. They are diverse.

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14
Q

During the process of decomposition, what large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules?

A

Carbohydrates,Proteins and Fats

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15
Q

The elements released through decomposition are initially absorbed by…

A

Plants and/or algae

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16
Q

What elements are released into the environment when an organism dies and decomposes?

A

Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus

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17
Q

During the process of decomposition, what smaller molecules are created?

A

Carbon dioxide, water, nitrates

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18
Q

Humans, monkeys and guinea pigs have to eat food containing this particular vitamin because they can’t produce it themselves

A

Vitamin C

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19
Q

True or false? Humans rely on microbes in our guts to produce some of the vitamins we need to survive.

A

True

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20
Q

What is the path of the food eaten by a cow.

A

From Rumen to Reticulum to Omasum then to Abomasum

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21
Q

The microbes found in a cow’s rumen include

A

Fungi, protozoa and bacteria

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22
Q

True or False? Sugar, Starch, Fibre and Proteins are broken down by the bacteria in the cow’s rumen.

A

True

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23
Q

True or False? Protozoa open up plant fibres to make them more easily digestible

A

False. Fungi open up plant fibres to make them more easily digestible.
Protozoa digest bacteria, starch granules and fibre.

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24
Q

Fermentation is?

A

Where yeasts feed on sugars to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide.

25
Q

What gas causes the spaces/pores in bread?

A

Carbon dioxide

26
Q

True or False? Gluten is responsible for trapping the carbon dioxide bubbles in bread.

A

True

27
Q

Yeast is what type of microbe?

A

Fungi

28
Q

What are some ways to stop the decay of food?

A

Freezing, Refrigerating, Drying, Heating, Irradiating, Chemical Preservatives

29
Q

How do they stop the decay of canned and bottled food?

A

Heat sterilisation: heating under pressure at 120°C for 15 minutes.

30
Q

How do we stop the decay of milk?

A

Pasteurisation: heating to 72°C for 15 seconds. Then we refrigerate it.

31
Q

How do we stop the decay of Milk, cheese, butter, eggs, fresh fruit and vegetables, meat?

A

Refrigeration: cooling to 4°C

32
Q

How do we stop the decay of Meat, vegetables, processed foods?

A

Freezing: storing at temperatures between -10°C and -18°C.

33
Q

True or False? Milk is safe to drink straight from a cow

A

True

34
Q

True or False? Milk needs to be heated to 72 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes for it to be pasteurised.

A

False: it only needs 15 seconds.

35
Q

Which three additives can be used as preservatives for food?

A

Sugar, Salt, Acids (such as those found in vinegar or fruit juices)

36
Q

Measles is caused by a particular virus.
Which of these statements about the measles virus are true?

A

It needs to infect a cell in order to reproduce and spread and It is a microscopic agent made of protein and genetic material

37
Q

Ringworm is a disease that results in a scaly, itchy rash. Despite its name, it is not caused by worms. It’s caused by a pathogen with complex cells that gets nutrients by feeding off the host.
Based on this information, what type of pathogen causes ringworm?

A

Fungi

38
Q

Chickenpox is a disease that results in an itchy rash all over the body. It’s caused by a pathogen that enters cells and uses them to reproduce.
Based on this information, what type of pathogen causes chickenpox?

A

Virus

39
Q

Where do babies get their first dose of microbes from?

A

Their Mother

40
Q

What is the difference between an infectious and non-infectious disease?

A

An infectious disease are caused through pathogens, many of these can spread person to person. Infectious diseases come from lifestyle factors such as smoking,
environmental factors such as air pollution and
genetic factors inherited from one’s parents

41
Q

Are all infectious diseases contagious?

A

No infectious diseases don’t have to be able to be spread from person to person.

42
Q

List three ways infectious diseases can be spread

A

Air transmission, Bodily fluids, Sexual contact.

43
Q

Why does a virus need another cell for its growth?

A

Because they can’t capture or store energy themselves.

44
Q

Viruses have “keys” (ligands) and that cells have “locks” (receptors). Explain why it is essential for the ligand on a virus to bind to a specific cell receptor for a virus to infect it.

A

The ligand needs to fit into the cell’s receptor for the cell to “recognize” and accept the virus into the cell. The virus tricks the cell into guiding its genetic material into the cell’s nucleus.

45
Q

What innate immune system processes occur in the body in response to infection by a virus?

A

phagocytosis of viruses

inflammation in areas of infection

fever

46
Q

What are some barriers in the first line of defence?

A

Mucus from the nose throat and eyes and skin.

47
Q

What is the role of the first line of defence?

A

To prevent pathogens from entering the body

48
Q

Which parts of the body produce mucus?

A

Nose, Lungs and Intestines

49
Q

What is the role of hairs on the cells that line your airways?

A

To push mucus up and out of the airways.

50
Q

Chemical barriers are those that?

A

Kill pathogens before they can enter the body

51
Q

What are some general reactions to infection in the second line of defence?

A

Fever, inflammation, phagocytes.

52
Q

What is the role of the second line of defence?

A

To respond in a general way to any pathogens that have entered the body

53
Q

A phagocyte chasing and engulfing a bacterium.
Explain how a fever would be likely to affect this process.

A

A fever could slow down a pathogen

54
Q

What are the two main roles of the immune system?

A

Identify the pathogen and develop a specific antibody and to build immunity to the pathogen incase it returns.

55
Q

What type of cell identifies and attacks the pathogen?

A

B Cells

56
Q

What are two types of white blood cells

A

B Cells and Phagocytes

57
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A type of protein that can bind to a pathogen

58
Q

What are the two main functions of antibodies?

A

To identify pathogens by binding to their unique markers and to fight off pathogens that have been identified.

59
Q

Measles causes the immune system to “forget” because:

A

Antibodies needed to fight other pathogens are lost

Science (8 decks)

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