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Year 10 Biology 🌸 > Microbes: Health and Disease > Flashcards

Microbes: Health and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be transmitted from one person to another.

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2
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that can not be transmitted from one person to another

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3
Q

What are some examples of communicable diseases?

A

Measles, mumps, influenza, rubella, malaria etc.

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4
Q

What are some examples of non-communicable diseases?

A

Cancer, heart attack, stroke, diabetes asthma etc,

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5
Q

What are microbes?

A

Very small living things that can only be seen with a microscope

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6
Q

What are dangerous microbes called?

A

Pathogens

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7
Q

What are the 3 classes of microbes?

A

Viruses, bacteria and fungi

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8
Q

How is a virus structured?

A

A head capsule which contains DNA and a long tail with an end plate attached

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9
Q

Why are viruses dangerous?

A

They cause many diseases including all flu, chicken pox, mumps and AIDS.

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10
Q

Why can’t you be immune to the flu?

A

Because flu viruses can change into many different forms

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11
Q

Why can viruses be useful?

A

Because they can be used in genetic engineering and vaccines

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12
Q

What is the structure of cocci like?

A

Spherical

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13
Q

What is the structure of bacilli like?

A

They are rod shaped

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14
Q

What is the structure of spirochetes like?

A

Spirals

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15
Q

What is the function of a flagelllum?

A

It allows them to move

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16
Q

Why are bacteria dangerous?

A

They are responsible for many illnesses including MRSA, salmonella and TB. They also cause food to go off

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17
Q

What are bacterial infections treated with?

A

Antibiotics

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18
Q

What are some uses of bacteria?

A

For the production of yoghurt, treating sewage and genetic engineering

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19
Q

What is the structure of fungi like?

A

They have a spore case and a network of threads

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20
Q

What is the structure of fungi called?

A

A mycelium

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21
Q

Why is fungi dangerous?

A

They are responsible for athlete’s foot, ringworm and thrush. They can also spoil food

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22
Q

Which is the best known fungus?

A

Yeast

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23
Q

What industries is fungi used in?

A

Cheese, baking and brewing industries

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24
Q

What are harmful microbes called?

A

Pathogens

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25
How are pathogens spread?
Through direct contact, indirect contact, air and water.
26
What are some examples of direct contact?
Sex, shaking hands etc.
27
What is an example of a disease being transmitted in water?
The cholera bacteria is transmitted in dirty water
28
What is an example of a disease being spread in the air?
When a person with the influenza virus sneezes drops of liquid come out and spread in the air and get breathed in by other people
29
What is an example of a disease being spread by unhygienic food preparation?
Undercooked or reheated food can cause food poisoning
30
What is a vector?
An organism that can spread a disease
31
What is an example of a vector?
Badgers spreading tuberculosis to cows
32
What type of equipment do you use in the Aseptic Technique?
Sterile equipment
33
Where do scientists grow microbes?
In agar
34
Why do scientists use agar?
It contains all the necessary nutrients to grow microbes
35
What is equipment sterilised in?
An autoclave
36
Why do you work near a Bunsen burner?
So that it kills the microbes in the air around it and stops contamination
37
What do scientists wear while working with microbes?
White coat, gloves, hair net etc.
38
What is microbiology?
The study of microbes
39
Where do microbiologists work?
They work in sectors such as: environmental health, dairy produce, agriculture, brewing, baking and medical research
40
Which two ways does the body defend itself?
With physical barriers and non-specific defences and through the action of lymphocytes (white blood cells)
41
What are some examples of fungal infections?
Athletes foot, ringworm, jock itch and psoriasis
42
How do tears keep the body from infection?
They wash away irritating substances and microbes. Lysozyme kills bacteria
43
What does lysozyme do?
Lysozyme is an enzyme found in tears (and also in saliva and mucus), and its main job is to protect your eyes from infection. What it does: Lysozyme breaks down the cell walls of certain bacteria, causing them to burst and die. This helps stop harmful bacteria from growing on the surface of your eyes. In simple terms: Lysozyme is like a tiny bodyguard in your tears that helps kill bacteria and keep your eyes healthy."
44
How does skin prevent infection?
It creates a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes. Acid pH discourages microbe growth
45
How do the large intestines prevent infection?
Normal bacterial inhabitants keep invaders in check
46
How does saliva prevent infection?
Washes microbes from the teeth and mucus membranes from the mouth
47
How does the respiratory tract stop infection?
Mucus traps organisms and cilia sweeps away trapped organisms
48
How does the stomach prevent infection?
HCI kills organisms
49
How does the bladder prevent infections?
Urine washes microbes away from the urethra
50
What is a phagocyte?
A type of white blood cell
51
What do phagocytes do?
They “mop up” infected cells and pathogens
52
What do phagocytes do?
They ingest and digest microbes
53
What is the process by which phagocytes digest microbes?
Phagocytosis
54
What is the 1st stage of phagocytosis?
Detection: the phagocyte detects the bacteria
55
What is the 2nd stage of phagocytosis?
Migration: the phagocyte changes shape and moves towards the microbe
56
What is the 3rd stage of phagocytosis?
The bacteria is engulfed by the phagocyte
57
What is the 4th stage of phagocytosis?
Digestion: microbes are digested by enzymes
58
What do lymphocytes do?
They produce antibodies
59
What do lymphocytes do when they encounter a microbe?
They produce antibodies which move to the microbe and join on to its antigens
60
What is an anti-gen?
Something on a microbe that when an antibody joins on to them causes the microbe to either rupture or stick together
61
What does rupture mean?
The microbe explodes and dies
62
Why does a lymphocyte group microbes together?
So a phagocyte can come and digest them
63
What happens when your immune system encounters a new microbe?
It creates a new memory cell
64
How does a memory cell work?
Your body remembers how it defeated a particular microbe so that it can destroy it quicker
65
What is a phagocyte?
A type of white blood cell
66
What do phagocytes do?
They “mop up” infected cells and pathogens in the body
67
What is phagocytosis?
The process by which phagocytes digest and get rid of microbes
68
What is the 1st stage of phagocytosis?
Detection: the phagocyte detects the bacteria
69
What is the 2nd stage of phagocytosis?
Migration: the phagocyte changes shape and moves towards the bacteria. It changes shape so it fits perfectly around the bacteria
70
What is the 3rd stage of phagocytosis?
The bacteria is engulfed
71
What is the 4th stage of phagocytosis?
The bacteria is digested by enzymes and then the indigestible residue is removed
72
What is epidemiology?
It is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events in specified populations.
73
What is an outbreak?
An outbreak is the sudden rise in the number of cases of a disease. It may occur in a community or geographical area or several countries. It can last for varying amounts of time.
74
What outbreak can be expected every year?
Influenza
75
What is an epidemic?
An epidemic occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people.
76
What is an example of an epidemic?
In 2003, the SARS epidemic took the lives of nearly 800 people worldwide
77
What is a pandemic?
It is a global disease outbreak
78
How is a pandemic different from an outbreak or epidemic?
A pandemic affects a wider geographical area, infects a greater number of people, is often called by a new virus or strain of virus, causes higher number of deaths, creates social disturbance, economic loss and general hardship
79
Who developed the first vaccination?
Edward Jenner
80
How does a vaccination work?
These work by artificial,y activating the lymphocytes to produce antibodies against a disease.
81
What is herd immunity?
It occurs when a large portion of a community becomes immune to a disease, making the spread of disease from person to person unlikely. As a result the whole community is protected.
82
What are antibiotics?
A group of chemicals that stop bacterial growth
83
Who discovered the first antibiotic?
Alexander Fleming
84
How did Fleming discover the antibiotic?
He left a Petri dish with bacteria growing on it near a window and a mould spore blew in and landed on it. The bacteria around the mould spore died
85
How did Florey and Chain work on antibiotics?
They injected mice with a lethal dose of bacteria and then half of them with pencil,an. The mice with penicillin survived the others didn’t.
86
What is a superbug?
A bacteria that is immune to antibiotics

Year 10 Biology 🌸 (2 decks)

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