Microbes And Defence Against Disease

Question 1

Communicable disease

Answer 1

Can be transmitted from one person to the other

Question 2

Non-communicable diseases

Answer 2

Cannot be transmitted from one person to the other

Question 3

4 examples of communicable diseases

Answer 3

Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Malaria

Question 4

4 examples of non-communicable diseases

Answer 4

Cancer
Heart attack
Diabetes
Asthma

Question 5

What are pathogens

Answer 5

Microbes that cause harm

Question 6

Description of cocci bacteria

Answer 6

Spherical in shape

Question 7

Description of bacilli bacteria

Answer 7

Rod shaped

Question 8

Description of spirochetes bacteria

Answer 8

Spirals

Question 9

What is the long filament some bacteria have attached to them

Answer 9

Flagellum

Question 10

What does the flagellum filament allow bacteria to do

Answer 10

Move

Question 11

What are 3 ways bacteria can be useful to humans

Answer 11

The production of yogurt
Treating sewage
Genetic engineering

Question 12

What is the structure of viruses

Answer 12

A head capsule that contains dna with a long tail with an end plate attached

Question 13

How can viruses be useful to humans

Answer 13

Genetic engineering

Question 14

What is the structure of fungi

Answer 14

Have a spore case and a network of threads forming a structure called a mycelium

Question 15

What microbe makes food mould

Answer 15

Fungi

Question 16

How can fungi be useful to humans

Answer 16

Yeast is fungus- it is used in baking, brewing and cheese industries

Question 17

What are the 4 different ways pathogens are spread

Answer 17

Airborne
Direct contact
Indirect contact
In water

Question 18

What are 5 examples of jobs that use aseptic techniques

Answer 18

Biologist
Forensic scientist
Surgeon
Doctor
Dentist

Question 19

What are 3 measures that are taken when working under aseptic conditions

Answer 19

Wash hands
Wear protective clothing (lab coat)
Autoclave equipment

Question 20

Why is it recommended to work close to a Bunsen when making growth plates

Answer 20

to remove any unwanted microorganisms in the air

Question 21

Why is it necessary to flame the neck of the bottle of agar

Answer 21

It gets ride of/destroys any unwanted microbes on the glass bottle

Question 22

Why do u incubate ur prettier dish upside down

Answer 22

It stops the agar drying out, and also stops condensation from gathering on the lid and washing away bacteria colonies

Question 23

Why would it be dangerous to incubate the growth plates at 37°c

Answer 23

This is body temperature and so could increase the likelihood of growing pathogenic microorganisms that could cause illness

Question 24

What are 6 ways our body defends us against pathogens

Answer 24

Lungs, mucus and cilia
Hair follicles and glands in the skin producing antiseptic oils
Clots which form scabs, preventing the entry of pathogens
Antiseptic fluid in tears
Acid in the stomach
Dead outer layer of skin forms a barrier to pathogens

Question 25

What are the 4 steps of the main sequence of events in what happens to pathogens during phagocytosis

Answer 25

The phagocyte identifies a pathogen, moves toward it and attaches itself to it Cytoplasm surrounds and engulfs the pathogen The pathogen is killed and digested Indigestible residue is removed

Question 26

What is the definition of an outbreak

Answer 26

A sudden rise in the number of cases of a disease

Question 27

What is the definition of an epidemic

Answer 27

Occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people

Question 28

What is the definition of a pandemic

Answer 28

A pandemic is a global disease outbreak.

Question 29

How does a pandemic differ from an outbreak or epidemic (4 points)

Answer 29

Because it affects a wider geographical area, often worldwide It infects a greater number of people than an epidemic It is often caused by a new virus or a strain of virus that has not circulated among people for a long time. Humans have little to no immunity against it

Question 30

What does SARS stand for

Answer 30

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

Question 31

How many of the hundreds of known corona viruses can infect humans

Answer 31

7

Question 32

What is the correct name for the virus that causes the disease COVID-19

Answer 32

SARS-COV-2

Question 33

How does a virus spread from person to person

Answer 33

When an infected person coughs, droplets containing the virus spray out. The virus can infect a new person when the droplets enter their nose or mouth

Question 34

Where do viruses spread best

Answer 34

Coronaviruses transmit best in enclosed spaces

Question 35

What is the proper name for mistakes that the virus makes when it replicates

Answer 35

Mutations

Question 36

Why are mutations dangerous

Answer 36

Some make the virus better suited for certain environments

Question 37

Why were there no treatments for SARS or MERS

Answer 37

The epidemics ended before those treatments completed clinical trials

Question 38

Why is there a risk with continued enroachment of humans into animal habitats

Answer 38

Some scientists say a new coronavirus jumping to humans in inevitable

Question 39

What disease did milk maids get from the cows they worked with

Answer 39

Cowpox

Question 40

Who developed the first vaccination

Answer 40

Edward Jenner

Question 41

When was the first vaccination developed

Answer 41

150 years ago

Question 42

What theory did Jenner come up with when he noticed that milk maids never seemed to get small pox

Answer 42

Cowpox got in the way from catching smallpox

Question 43

Who did Jenner choose to carry out his experiments on and why

Answer 43

Someone young who hasn’t had cowpox or smallpox- James Phipps aged 8 and 3/4s

Question 44

Describe how Jenner treated the boy and the outcome of his treatment

Answer 44

Told James that it wouldn’t hurt much. He took pus from cowpox and rubbed it into scratches on James’ arm. Six weeks later Jenner took puss from someone with smallpox and tried to give James the deadly disease. James didn’t get small pox and lived a long life

Question 45

Why would Jenner’s experiment not be allowed to happen today

Answer 45

Because it would be terminal to James

Question 46

What did Fleming notice on his growth plates when he returned from holidays

Answer 46

There was an area of the plate that was no longer covered in bacteria. -a clear zone

Question 47

what conclusion did Jenner draw form this observation

Answer 47

the area seemed to radiate from an area of mould that had settled on the plate. Fleming has said that the plates were left close to an open window and this is how the mould got into the lab

Question 48

where did Fleming think the mould had come from

Answer 48

outside

Question 49

why do doctors not prescribe as many antibiotics as they used to

Answer 49

it costs millions to produce a new one which could be useless in a few years. they let the infections run their course nsturally. this is called de-escalating.this should half/slow down the numbers of resistant bacteria

Question 50

Name the 3 different types of microbes and give an example of each

Answer 50

Bacteria- e. Coli Viruses- influenza Fungi- athlete’s foot

Question 51

State the 4 main stages of the process of phagocytosis

Answer 51

The phagocyte detects and moves toward the pathogen The phagocyte engulfs the pathogen by surrounding it The pathogen is enclosed in a vesicle and digested by enzymes The remains of the pathogen are expelled from the phagocyte

Question 52

How do lymphocytes prevent infection

Answer 52

Lymphocytes attach to antigens and produce antibodies

Question 53

Why is the loop allowed to cool before sampling the colony

Answer 53

To prevent killing the micro-organisms when transferring them

Question 54

Why is the loop not allowed to touch an unsterilised surface when cooling

Answer 54

To avoid contamination with other microbes that could interfere with the experiment

Question 55

Describe 2 other precautions that should be taken when working with micro-organisms

Answer 55

Wear gloves and wash hands with soap after handling micro-organisms