microanatomy cell types with answers Flashcards
Hematoxylin
basic dye, binds negatively charged tissue (basophilic)
Eosin
acidic dye, binds positively charged tissue components (acidophilic)
Sebaceous glands
usually secrete into hair follicles; Holocrine secretion
Parotid gland
serous gland
Sublingual gland
mainly mucous with serous demilunes
Submandibular gland
mainly serous, some mucous
Eccrine sweat gland
simple coiled tubular glands, open directly into skin surface; Merocrine secretion; serous secretions
Myoepithelial cell
by base of glands, contract for excretion; in sweat, mammary and salivary glands
Apocrine sweat glands
open into hair follicles above sebaceous glands, wide lumen of secretory portion; secrete viscous, odorless fluid that is metabolized to produce malodorous compounds; Merocrine secretion (maybe apocrine); perianal, areola, axilla; active at puberty
Fibroblasts
predominant cell in connective tissues; elongated spindle-shaped, flattened nucleus; produce fibers and ground substances; extensive RER
Macrophages (histiocytes)
large, pale staining irregular shape; phagocystic cells; derived from monocytes; present in chronic inflammation
Lymphocytes
major cell type in immune system; found in blood, lymph CT, lymphoid tissue o Small = inactive, heterochromatic, basophilic
o Large = active, euchromatic nucelus
major cell type in immune system; found in blood, lymph CT, lymphoid tissue
o Small = inactive, heterochromatic, basophilic
Mast cells
round to oval cells, nucleus centrally located; large basophilic granules containing histamine; increase permeability of small venules and capillaries in response to inflammation
Plasma cells
eccentric nucleus, “clock face” due to heterochromatin or “cartwheel” due to euchromatin; extensive RER, centrosome; derived from B lymphocytes and activated in immune response; produce and secrete antibodies
Adipocytes
fat cells
Reticular fibers
Collagen Type III
Collagen fibers
collagen type I (3 alpha chains)
Brown fat
multilocular, vascular, brown due to many mitochondria, prominent in newborns; generate heat
White fat
unilocular when mature, single large droplet, “chicken-wire appearance); energy storage, thermal insulation; hypodermis, breast, loose CT; no membrane
Kupffer cells
Liver Macrophages
Langerhans cell
macrophages of skin; type of dendritic cell
Keratinocyte
produce lamellar bodies (waterproof skin), keratohyalin granules ; fond in stratum basales
Merkel Cell
rare cells in stratum basales; most numerous in thick skin
o Merkel cell + merkel disc = merkel corpuscle (mechanoreceptor)
Melanocyte
pale cells in stratum basales, long cytoplasmic processes; produce melanin; LESS pigmented than keratinocytes
Melanosome
membrane bound organelles containing tyrosinase, transferred to keratinocytes once they are made; melanin is synthesized within melanosomes
Meibomian gland
sebaceous gland of eyelid
Stem cell of skin
gives rise only to keratinocytes and Merkel cells
Skeletal muscle cell
long, unbranched cylindrical cells, multinucleated, peripheral nuceli
Hofbauer cells
macrphages of chorionic villi
Decidual cells
derived from stromal cells of uterine endometrium (maternal); found in decidual basalis; large, polygonal cells with pale cytoplasm and central nuclei
Cytotrophoblast
pale staining, mononucleated, stem cells that fuse to form syncytiotrophoblast; separated from maternal blood by syncytiotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
multinucleated syncytium formed by fusion of cytotrophoblast cells; invasive properties, microvilli
Ganglia
cluster of neuronal cell bodies located outside the CNS,
o Sensory: dorsal root ganglia, Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves,
o Autonomic: sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric
Cardiac muscle cells
single of binucelate centrally located, intercalated disks, may branch
Schwann cells
wrap around axons, associated with myelinated and unmyelinated axons
Smooth muscle cells
spindle shaped (fusiform) cells, single central nucleus; corkscrew apperance when contracted
Neuroglia/glia
non-neuronal cells specific to the nervous system
Neuron
cell body has large and euchromatic nucleus, prominent nucleolus, nissl bodies, perikaryon; dendrites, axon
Satellite cells
surround neuron cell bodies, support microenvironment
Oligodendrocytes
make myelin
Chromophobe
cytoplasm stains poorly, may be undifferentiated cells or degranulated chromophils (adenohypophysis)
Acidophil
somatotropes (GH), mammotropes (prolactin); (SAM, GPA); (adenohypophysis)
Osteocyte
uninucleate cells derived from osteoblasts; when osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by bone it becomes an osteocyte (lacuna); maintain bone matrix
Basophil
gonadotropes (FSH, LH), corticotropes (ACTH, POMC), thyrotropes (TSH); B-FLAT; melanotopes (MSH)l (adenohypophysis)
Pituicytes
glial cells, most nuclei in pars nervosa; neurohypophysis
Chief (principal) cell
small polygonal cells with round central nucleus, large amounts of glycogen; “beads on a string,” produce PTH (increases blood Ca2+)
Oxyphils
larger and rounder than chief cells, very eosinophilic (mitochondria), smaller nuclei; occur in clusters, increase with age; unknown function; in parathyroid
Thyroid follicular cell
morphologically polarized cells with basal and apical ends, abundant RER, TG synthesis, tight junctions, microvilli; lysosomes
Parafollicular (C) Cell
rare in human thyroid; pale or clear cytoplasm, part of follicular epithelium, secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium
Chromaffin cells
NE and epinephrine producing cells; stain with chromium salts; made up adrenal glands
Lymphocyte
30% of WBCs; T cells, B cells, NK cells o Small: heterochromatic, round or kidney shaped, basophilic
o Large: larger euchromatic nucleus, smudged chromatin pattern 30% of WBCs; T cells, B cells, NK cells
o Small: heterochromatic, round or kidney shaped, basophilic
Osteoprogenitor cells
differentiate into osteoblasts; found in inner layer of periosteum and in the endosteum
Osteoblast
uninucleate cells derived from osteoprogentiro cells, basophilic (RER), surface of bone, deposit bone matrix
Osteoclast
large multinucleated cells, differentiate from monocytes; acidophilic, found on surface of bone; resorb bone matrix
Chondrocyte
cartilage cells; completely surrounded by matrix, oval cells; produce matrix components; receive poor oxygen
Isogenous group
formed by chondrocytes in fibrocartilage
Erythrocyte
red blood cells; no nucleus or cytoplasmic organelles
Reticulocyte
no nucleus, larger than RBC, only motile stage in RBC lifecycle
Platelet
thrombocytes; no nuclei; granules; short life span; maintain endothelium; has organelles
Leukocyte
white blood cell; nucleated, larger than RBCs, involved in inflammation o Agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
Nonlobulated nucleus, azurophlic granules (lyosomes), lack specific granules
o Granulocytes:neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
Lobed nuclei, azuophilic and specific granules
Monocyte
largest cells; irregular folded lumpy horse-shaped nucleus, lacey chromatin pattern, pale-staining; become macrophages in tissue, cluster to form giant cells
Neutrophil
70% of WBCs, 2-5 lobes connected by thin strands, small and pale staining granules, phagocytic
Eosinophil
2-3 well defined lobes in nucleus, crystalloid (MBP), kill worms, modulate activity of basophils and mast cells; asthma
Basophil
least numerous, least lobulated nuclei, purplish-black granules in nuclei, no crystalloid, increase permability of vessels, release PAF and LTC4; hypersensitivies
Megakaryocyte
disintegrate to form platelets
Basophilic erythroblast
most intensely basophilic cytoplasm, many free polysomes, dispersed chromatin
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
“checkerboard” chromatin pattern, no visible nucleoli, produce large amounts of hemoglobin, last stage capable of mitosis
Orthochromatic Erythroblast
normoblast; most organelles absent; eosinophilic; heterochromatic eccentric nucleus
Promyelocyte
large cell with multiple nucleoli, produces azurophilic granules; basophilic cytoplasm, irregular nucleus
Myelocyte
smaller than promyelocyte, doesn’t make azurophlic granules; round or flattened nucleus; last stage capable of mitosis
Metamyelocyte
V-shaped indentation of nucleus; condensed chromatin
Band (Stab Cell)
curved dumb-bell shaped nucleus; more present in infections
Mature Granulocyte
heterochromatic nucleus, nuclear lobes connected by inner strands; leave hematopoietic compartment
Pericyte
maintains blood-brain barrier; found near capillaries; monitor endothelial cells; important in brain
Thymocyte
any lymphocyte in the thymus
Thymic epithelial cell (TEC)
makes up stroma of the thymus; pale euchromatic; jointed to one another by desmosomes with tonofilaments; poorly phagocytic; also called epithelial reticular cells (ERCs)
Interdigitating Dendritic Cells (IDCs)
APC, lack tonofilaments, found in medulla; important in negative selection in thymus
Prothymocytes
T cell precursors
Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs)
in lymphoid nodules; bind ag-ab cmplexes vi FC portion of AB; NOT APCs
Centroblasts
actively dividng B cells in dark zone of nodule
Centrocytes
B cells in light zone, less actively dividing; undergo class switching
Reticular cells
make up stroma in spleen
Alveolar macorphage (dust cells)
in alveolar epithelium, phagocytose
Brush cells
sensory receptors of respiratory epithelium, have microvilli
DNES cells
secretory granules in basal cytoplasm, secrete into lamina propria, secrete different hormones; small granule cells; Kulchitsky cells
Olfactory receptor cells
detect odors; line nasal cavity
Type 1 pneumocyte
in alveolar epithelium, cover 95% of surface; simple squamous; form tight junctions
Type II pneumocyte
alveolar epithelium; great alveolar cells, septal cells; rounded, form tight junctions; produce surfacant in lamellar bodies; give rise to type I and type II
Sustentacular cells
supporting cells with microvilli of olfactory epithelium
Clara Cells
bronchiolar cells; produce proteins of surfacant (no cilia)
Neuroepithelial Cells
receptor cells, gustatory cells; sensory cells that form synapses with afferent axons; apical microvilli carry receptors for taste
Ameloblast
produces enamel
Odontoblast
lay down predentin
Cementoblasts
forms cementum; become cementocytes and occupy lacunae
Surface mucous cells
lines lumen of stomach, gastric pits, and isthmus of glands; rectangular cells; “apical cup,” visible mucous- viscous and cloudy (alkaline)
Mucous Neck Cell
small cells scattered between parietal cells in upper part of glands; less apical mucous, secretes water soluble mucus in response to vagal stimulation
Parietal (Oxyntic) cells
large, binucleate, eosinophilic (mitochondria), secretes H+, Cl-, extrinsic factor, intracellular canaliculi; microvilli
Chief (Zymogen) cells
secretes pepsinogens, renin, and gastric lipase; smaller more basophilic than parietal cells; located near base of fundic gland
Goblet Cell
unicellular exocrine gland of intestines and respiratory tract; secrete acidic mucins; nucleus in basal cytoplasm, supranuclear golgi; process and package mucinogens
Enterocyte
intestinal absorptive cells; main cell type of small intestine; tall, columnar cells, striated (brush) border, apical junctions, thick glycocalyx, many mitochondria, super Golgi, SER
Paneth cell
in jejunum at bottom of cryp; eosinophilic secretory granules; produce lysozyme and alpha-defensins
DNES (Enteroendocrine) Cells
more common crypts, produce peptide hormones and amines to control gut motility and secretion; granules oriented toward basement membrane
M (Microfold) cells
apical membrane has microfolds; deep invaginations occupied by lymphocytes and macrophages; transport antigen and delivers it to lymphocytes and macrophages in pocket
Hepatocyte
epithelial cells, major parenchymal cells of liver, polygonal with round euchromatic nucleus, one or more prominent nucleoli, often binucleate, Lipofuschin accumulates in residual bodies
Kupffer cells
macrophage that contributes to sinusoidal walls; phagocytizes old and damages RBCs
Ito (Stellate) Cells
located in space of Disse, store Vitamin A in cytoplasmic lipid droplets, produce reticular fibers in healthy liver; produce collagen type I in cirrhosis
Pancreatic acinar cells
pyramid-shaped serous cells, basal basophilia (RER), acidophilic zymogen granules; secrete digestive enzymes into duodenum via main and accessory pancreatic ducts (exocrine)
Centroacinar cells
pale, low cuboidal cells that are unique to pancreas, lie in lumen of secretory acinus; first cells in intercalated duct
Islets of Langerhans
secrete hormones into fenestrated capillaries (endocrine) o Beta cells- insulin (in center, crystalloid material)
o Alpha cells- glucagon (in periphery, dark granules with halo)
o Delta cells- somatostatin
o PP (F cells)- pancreatic polypeptide, stimulate gastric chief cells, inhibits secretion by acinar and duct cells
o Epsilon cells- ghrelin
Mesangial cells
phagocytic cells that clean the basal lamina of the capillaries; contractile
Podocyte
cover outer surface of glomerular capillaries, processes give rises to pedicels that interdigitate forming filtration slits
Macula densa
terminal portion of distal straight tubule; formed by epithelial cells; near vascular pole
Juxtaglomerular cells
modified smooth muscle cells, secrete renin
Extramesangial cells (lacis cells)
located in region bound by afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, and macula densa; pas signals
Principal Cells
in collecting duct, light cells, single cilium
Intercalated Cells
in collecting duct, dark cells
Theca interna
rounder cells, steroid producers; produces androgens from cholesterol
Theca externa
cells remain flat, contractile
Granulosa cells
converts androgens to estrogen; has aromatase
Granulosa Lutein
large, pale-staining steroid producing; produce progesterone (some estrogen)
Theca Lutein
small, dark staining
Ciliated cells
in uterine tube, beat toward uterus
Peg cells
tall nonciliated cells that protrude into lumen; secrete fluid rich in nutrients for oocyte and sperm
Spermatogonium
small cells with round or oval nuclei: Type A Dark: stem cells, divide by mitosis, yield type Ap or B
o Type Ap: pale oval nuclei, commited, divide by mitosis into B
o Type B: round nuclei, mitosis into primary spermatocytes
Primary spermatocyte
largest, luminal, replicate DNA and enter Meiosis I; round nucleus, condensing chromatin
Secondary spermatocyte
produced by first meitotic division; closer to lumen, enter meiosis II; haploid in #, diploid in DNA
Early spermatid
smaller, round, produced in meiosis II; haploid
Late spermatid
differentiation from spermiogenesis; morphological changes, no cell division; elongated nucleus, heads toward basement membrane
Spermatozoa
individual cells free in the lumen; no cytoplasmic bridges, residual bodies pinch off
Sertoli cell
part of seminiferous epithelium; large irregular euchromatic nucleus, prominent nucleolus; support, phagocytose, secrete, ABP, inhibin, blood-testes barrier, spermiogenesis
Leydig (interstitial) cell
clusters between seminiferous tubules; large polygonal eosinophlic cells, lipid droplets, steroid secreting cells; secrete testosterone
Intraepithelial lymphocytes
halo cells, in epididymis
