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micro > microanatomy cell types with answers > Flashcards

microanatomy cell types with answers Flashcards

1
Q

Hematoxylin

A

basic dye, binds negatively charged tissue (basophilic)

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2
Q

Eosin

A

acidic dye, binds positively charged tissue components (acidophilic)

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4
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

usually secrete into hair follicles; Holocrine secretion

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5
Q

Parotid gland

A

serous gland

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6
Q

Sublingual gland

A

mainly mucous with serous demilunes

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7
Q

Submandibular gland

A

mainly serous, some mucous

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8
Q

Eccrine sweat gland

A

simple coiled tubular glands, open directly into skin surface; Merocrine secretion; serous secretions

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9
Q

Myoepithelial cell

A

by base of glands, contract for excretion; in sweat, mammary and salivary glands

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10
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

open into hair follicles above sebaceous glands, wide lumen of secretory portion; secrete viscous, odorless fluid that is metabolized to produce malodorous compounds; Merocrine secretion (maybe apocrine); perianal, areola, axilla; active at puberty

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12
Q

Fibroblasts

A

predominant cell in connective tissues; elongated spindle-shaped, flattened nucleus; produce fibers and ground substances; extensive RER

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13
Q

Macrophages (histiocytes)

A

large, pale staining irregular shape; phagocystic cells; derived from monocytes; present in chronic inflammation

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14
Q

Lymphocytes

A

major cell type in immune system; found in blood, lymph CT, lymphoid tissue o Small = inactive, heterochromatic, basophilic
o Large = active, euchromatic nucelus
major cell type in immune system; found in blood, lymph CT, lymphoid tissue
o Small = inactive, heterochromatic, basophilic

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15
Q

Mast cells

A

round to oval cells, nucleus centrally located; large basophilic granules containing histamine; increase permeability of small venules and capillaries in response to inflammation

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16
Q

Plasma cells

A

eccentric nucleus, “clock face” due to heterochromatin or “cartwheel” due to euchromatin; extensive RER, centrosome; derived from B lymphocytes and activated in immune response; produce and secrete antibodies

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17
Q

Adipocytes

A

fat cells

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18
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Collagen Type III

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19
Q

Collagen fibers

A

collagen type I (3 alpha chains)

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20
Q

Brown fat

A

multilocular, vascular, brown due to many mitochondria, prominent in newborns; generate heat

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21
Q

White fat

A

unilocular when mature, single large droplet, “chicken-wire appearance); energy storage, thermal insulation; hypodermis, breast, loose CT; no membrane

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22
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Liver Macrophages

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24
Q

Langerhans cell

A

macrophages of skin; type of dendritic cell

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25
Q

Keratinocyte

A

produce lamellar bodies (waterproof skin), keratohyalin granules ; fond in stratum basales

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26
Q

Merkel Cell

A

rare cells in stratum basales; most numerous in thick skin

o Merkel cell + merkel disc = merkel corpuscle (mechanoreceptor)

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27
Q

Melanocyte

A

pale cells in stratum basales, long cytoplasmic processes; produce melanin; LESS pigmented than keratinocytes

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28
Q

Melanosome

A

membrane bound organelles containing tyrosinase, transferred to keratinocytes once they are made; melanin is synthesized within melanosomes

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29
Q

Meibomian gland

A

sebaceous gland of eyelid

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30
Q

Stem cell of skin

A

gives rise only to keratinocytes and Merkel cells

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32
Q

Skeletal muscle cell

A

long, unbranched cylindrical cells, multinucleated, peripheral nuceli

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33
Q

Hofbauer cells

A

macrphages of chorionic villi

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34
Q

Decidual cells

A

derived from stromal cells of uterine endometrium (maternal); found in decidual basalis; large, polygonal cells with pale cytoplasm and central nuclei

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35
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

pale staining, mononucleated, stem cells that fuse to form syncytiotrophoblast; separated from maternal blood by syncytiotrophoblast

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36
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

multinucleated syncytium formed by fusion of cytotrophoblast cells; invasive properties, microvilli

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37
Q

Ganglia

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies located outside the CNS,
o Sensory: dorsal root ganglia, Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves,
o Autonomic: sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

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38
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

single of binucelate centrally located, intercalated disks, may branch

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39
Q

Schwann cells

A

wrap around axons, associated with myelinated and unmyelinated axons

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40
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

spindle shaped (fusiform) cells, single central nucleus; corkscrew apperance when contracted

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42
Q

Neuroglia/glia

A

non-neuronal cells specific to the nervous system

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45
Q

Neuron

A

cell body has large and euchromatic nucleus, prominent nucleolus, nissl bodies, perikaryon; dendrites, axon

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47
Q

Satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies, support microenvironment

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48
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

make myelin

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50
Q

Chromophobe

A

cytoplasm stains poorly, may be undifferentiated cells or degranulated chromophils (adenohypophysis)

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51
Q

Acidophil

A

somatotropes (GH), mammotropes (prolactin); (SAM, GPA); (adenohypophysis)

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52
Q

Osteocyte

A

uninucleate cells derived from osteoblasts; when osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by bone it becomes an osteocyte (lacuna); maintain bone matrix

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53
Q

Basophil

A

gonadotropes (FSH, LH), corticotropes (ACTH, POMC), thyrotropes (TSH); B-FLAT; melanotopes (MSH)l (adenohypophysis)

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54
Q

Pituicytes

A

glial cells, most nuclei in pars nervosa; neurohypophysis

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55
Q

Chief (principal) cell

A

small polygonal cells with round central nucleus, large amounts of glycogen; “beads on a string,” produce PTH (increases blood Ca2+)

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56
Q

Oxyphils

A

larger and rounder than chief cells, very eosinophilic (mitochondria), smaller nuclei; occur in clusters, increase with age; unknown function; in parathyroid

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57
Q

Thyroid follicular cell

A

morphologically polarized cells with basal and apical ends, abundant RER, TG synthesis, tight junctions, microvilli; lysosomes

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58
Q

Parafollicular (C) Cell

A

rare in human thyroid; pale or clear cytoplasm, part of follicular epithelium, secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium

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59
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

NE and epinephrine producing cells; stain with chromium salts; made up adrenal glands

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60
Q

Lymphocyte

A

30% of WBCs; T cells, B cells, NK cells o Small: heterochromatic, round or kidney shaped, basophilic
o Large: larger euchromatic nucleus, smudged chromatin pattern 30% of WBCs; T cells, B cells, NK cells
o Small: heterochromatic, round or kidney shaped, basophilic

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61
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

differentiate into osteoblasts; found in inner layer of periosteum and in the endosteum

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62
Q

Osteoblast

A

uninucleate cells derived from osteoprogentiro cells, basophilic (RER), surface of bone, deposit bone matrix

63
Q

Osteoclast

A

large multinucleated cells, differentiate from monocytes; acidophilic, found on surface of bone; resorb bone matrix

64
Q

Chondrocyte

A

cartilage cells; completely surrounded by matrix, oval cells; produce matrix components; receive poor oxygen

65
Q

Isogenous group

A

formed by chondrocytes in fibrocartilage

67
Q

Erythrocyte

A

red blood cells; no nucleus or cytoplasmic organelles

68
Q

Reticulocyte

A

no nucleus, larger than RBC, only motile stage in RBC lifecycle

69
Q

Platelet

A

thrombocytes; no nuclei; granules; short life span; maintain endothelium; has organelles

70
Q

Leukocyte

A

white blood cell; nucleated, larger than RBCs, involved in inflammation o Agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
 Nonlobulated nucleus, azurophlic granules (lyosomes), lack specific granules
o Granulocytes:neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
 Lobed nuclei, azuophilic and specific granules

72
Q

Monocyte

A

largest cells; irregular folded lumpy horse-shaped nucleus, lacey chromatin pattern, pale-staining; become macrophages in tissue, cluster to form giant cells

73
Q

Neutrophil

A

70% of WBCs, 2-5 lobes connected by thin strands, small and pale staining granules, phagocytic

74
Q

Eosinophil

A

2-3 well defined lobes in nucleus, crystalloid (MBP), kill worms, modulate activity of basophils and mast cells; asthma

75
Q

Basophil

A

least numerous, least lobulated nuclei, purplish-black granules in nuclei, no crystalloid, increase permability of vessels, release PAF and LTC4; hypersensitivies

76
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

disintegrate to form platelets

77
Q

Basophilic erythroblast

A

most intensely basophilic cytoplasm, many free polysomes, dispersed chromatin

78
Q

Polychromatophilic erythroblast

A

“checkerboard” chromatin pattern, no visible nucleoli, produce large amounts of hemoglobin, last stage capable of mitosis

79
Q

Orthochromatic Erythroblast

A

normoblast; most organelles absent; eosinophilic; heterochromatic eccentric nucleus

80
Q

Promyelocyte

A

large cell with multiple nucleoli, produces azurophilic granules; basophilic cytoplasm, irregular nucleus

81
Q

Myelocyte

A

smaller than promyelocyte, doesn’t make azurophlic granules; round or flattened nucleus; last stage capable of mitosis

82
Q

Metamyelocyte

A

V-shaped indentation of nucleus; condensed chromatin

83
Q

Band (Stab Cell)

A

curved dumb-bell shaped nucleus; more present in infections

84
Q

Mature Granulocyte

A

heterochromatic nucleus, nuclear lobes connected by inner strands; leave hematopoietic compartment

85
Q

Pericyte

A

maintains blood-brain barrier; found near capillaries; monitor endothelial cells; important in brain

87
Q

Thymocyte

A

any lymphocyte in the thymus

88
Q

Thymic epithelial cell (TEC)

A

makes up stroma of the thymus; pale euchromatic; jointed to one another by desmosomes with tonofilaments; poorly phagocytic; also called epithelial reticular cells (ERCs)

89
Q

Interdigitating Dendritic Cells (IDCs)

A

APC, lack tonofilaments, found in medulla; important in negative selection in thymus

90
Q

Prothymocytes

A

T cell precursors

91
Q

Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs)

A

in lymphoid nodules; bind ag-ab cmplexes vi FC portion of AB; NOT APCs

92
Q

Centroblasts

A

actively dividng B cells in dark zone of nodule

93
Q

Centrocytes

A

B cells in light zone, less actively dividing; undergo class switching

94
Q

Reticular cells

A

make up stroma in spleen

96
Q

Alveolar macorphage (dust cells)

A

in alveolar epithelium, phagocytose

97
Q

Brush cells

A

sensory receptors of respiratory epithelium, have microvilli

98
Q

DNES cells

A

secretory granules in basal cytoplasm, secrete into lamina propria, secrete different hormones; small granule cells; Kulchitsky cells

99
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

detect odors; line nasal cavity

100
Q

Type 1 pneumocyte

A

in alveolar epithelium, cover 95% of surface; simple squamous; form tight junctions

101
Q

Type II pneumocyte

A

alveolar epithelium; great alveolar cells, septal cells; rounded, form tight junctions; produce surfacant in lamellar bodies; give rise to type I and type II

102
Q

Sustentacular cells

A

supporting cells with microvilli of olfactory epithelium

103
Q

Clara Cells

A

bronchiolar cells; produce proteins of surfacant (no cilia)

105
Q

Neuroepithelial Cells

A

receptor cells, gustatory cells; sensory cells that form synapses with afferent axons; apical microvilli carry receptors for taste

106
Q

Ameloblast

A

produces enamel

107
Q

Odontoblast

A

lay down predentin

108
Q

Cementoblasts

A

forms cementum; become cementocytes and occupy lacunae

109
Q

Surface mucous cells

A

lines lumen of stomach, gastric pits, and isthmus of glands; rectangular cells; “apical cup,” visible mucous- viscous and cloudy (alkaline)

110
Q

Mucous Neck Cell

A

small cells scattered between parietal cells in upper part of glands; less apical mucous, secretes water soluble mucus in response to vagal stimulation

111
Q

Parietal (Oxyntic) cells

A

large, binucleate, eosinophilic (mitochondria), secretes H+, Cl-, extrinsic factor, intracellular canaliculi; microvilli

112
Q

Chief (Zymogen) cells

A

secretes pepsinogens, renin, and gastric lipase; smaller more basophilic than parietal cells; located near base of fundic gland

113
Q

Goblet Cell

A

unicellular exocrine gland of intestines and respiratory tract; secrete acidic mucins; nucleus in basal cytoplasm, supranuclear golgi; process and package mucinogens

114
Q

Enterocyte

A

intestinal absorptive cells; main cell type of small intestine; tall, columnar cells, striated (brush) border, apical junctions, thick glycocalyx, many mitochondria, super Golgi, SER

115
Q

Paneth cell

A

in jejunum at bottom of cryp; eosinophilic secretory granules; produce lysozyme and alpha-defensins

116
Q

DNES (Enteroendocrine) Cells

A

more common crypts, produce peptide hormones and amines to control gut motility and secretion; granules oriented toward basement membrane

117
Q

M (Microfold) cells

A

apical membrane has microfolds; deep invaginations occupied by lymphocytes and macrophages; transport antigen and delivers it to lymphocytes and macrophages in pocket

119
Q

Hepatocyte

A

epithelial cells, major parenchymal cells of liver, polygonal with round euchromatic nucleus, one or more prominent nucleoli, often binucleate, Lipofuschin accumulates in residual bodies

120
Q

Kupffer cells

A

macrophage that contributes to sinusoidal walls; phagocytizes old and damages RBCs

121
Q

Ito (Stellate) Cells

A

located in space of Disse, store Vitamin A in cytoplasmic lipid droplets, produce reticular fibers in healthy liver; produce collagen type I in cirrhosis

122
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells

A

pyramid-shaped serous cells, basal basophilia (RER), acidophilic zymogen granules; secrete digestive enzymes into duodenum via main and accessory pancreatic ducts (exocrine)

123
Q

Centroacinar cells

A

pale, low cuboidal cells that are unique to pancreas, lie in lumen of secretory acinus; first cells in intercalated duct

124
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

secrete hormones into fenestrated capillaries (endocrine) o Beta cells- insulin (in center, crystalloid material)
o Alpha cells- glucagon (in periphery, dark granules with halo)
o Delta cells- somatostatin
o PP (F cells)- pancreatic polypeptide, stimulate gastric chief cells, inhibits secretion by acinar and duct cells
o Epsilon cells- ghrelin

126
Q

Mesangial cells

A

phagocytic cells that clean the basal lamina of the capillaries; contractile

127
Q

Podocyte

A

cover outer surface of glomerular capillaries, processes give rises to pedicels that interdigitate forming filtration slits

128
Q

Macula densa

A

terminal portion of distal straight tubule; formed by epithelial cells; near vascular pole

129
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells, secrete renin

130
Q

Extramesangial cells (lacis cells)

A

located in region bound by afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, and macula densa; pas signals

131
Q

Principal Cells

A

in collecting duct, light cells, single cilium

132
Q

Intercalated Cells

A

in collecting duct, dark cells

133
Q

Theca interna

A

rounder cells, steroid producers; produces androgens from cholesterol

134
Q

Theca externa

A

cells remain flat, contractile

135
Q

Granulosa cells

A

converts androgens to estrogen; has aromatase

136
Q

Granulosa Lutein

A

large, pale-staining steroid producing; produce progesterone (some estrogen)

137
Q

Theca Lutein

A

small, dark staining

138
Q

Ciliated cells

A

in uterine tube, beat toward uterus

139
Q

Peg cells

A

tall nonciliated cells that protrude into lumen; secrete fluid rich in nutrients for oocyte and sperm

141
Q

Spermatogonium

A

small cells with round or oval nuclei: Type A Dark: stem cells, divide by mitosis, yield type Ap or B
o Type Ap: pale oval nuclei, commited, divide by mitosis into B
o Type B: round nuclei, mitosis into primary spermatocytes

142
Q

Primary spermatocyte

A

largest, luminal, replicate DNA and enter Meiosis I; round nucleus, condensing chromatin

143
Q

Secondary spermatocyte

A

produced by first meitotic division; closer to lumen, enter meiosis II; haploid in #, diploid in DNA

144
Q

Early spermatid

A

smaller, round, produced in meiosis II; haploid

145
Q

Late spermatid

A

differentiation from spermiogenesis; morphological changes, no cell division; elongated nucleus, heads toward basement membrane

146
Q

Spermatozoa

A

individual cells free in the lumen; no cytoplasmic bridges, residual bodies pinch off

147
Q

Sertoli cell

A

part of seminiferous epithelium; large irregular euchromatic nucleus, prominent nucleolus; support, phagocytose, secrete, ABP, inhibin, blood-testes barrier, spermiogenesis

148
Q

Leydig (interstitial) cell

A

clusters between seminiferous tubules; large polygonal eosinophlic cells, lipid droplets, steroid secreting cells; secrete testosterone

149
Q

Intraepithelial lymphocytes

A

halo cells, in epididymis

micro (4 decks)

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