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5050 > MICROANATOMY > Flashcards

MICROANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central part of the neuron?

A

Cell Body (Soma)

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2
Q

What is a long, slender projection of the neuron?

A

Axon

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3
Q

What are the shorter, branched projections of the neuron?

A

Dendrites

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4
Q

How can neurons be classified based on the total number of projections?

A

By the number of projections (or neurites)

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5
Q

How are neurons with multiple dendrites and a single axon classified?

A

Multipolar

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6
Q

How are neurons with multiple axons classified?

A

Bipolar

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7
Q

What are the two categories of dendritic structure used for classification?

A

Stellate and Pyramidal

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8
Q

How can neurons be classified based on the length of their axons?

A

Neurons can be classified into Golgi type I and Golgi type II based on axon length.

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9
Q

Describe the axon length of Golgi type I neurons.

A

Golgi type I neurons have long axons that can extend considerable distances.

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10
Q

Describe the axon length of Golgi type II neurons.

A

Golgi type II neurons have shorter axons compared to Golgi type I neurons.

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11
Q

How can neurons be classified based on their connections in the nervous system?

A

Neurons can be classified as sensory neurons, motor neurons, or interneurons based on their connections.

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12
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Sensory neurons transmit signals from sensory organs to the central nervous system.

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13
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

Motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

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14
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Interneurons facilitate communication between other neurons.

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15
Q

How can neurons be classified based on gene expression?

A

Neurons can be classified based on the neurotransmitters they produce, which is influenced by gene expression.

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16
Q

What are the “support cells” within the nervous system?

A

Glial cells

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17
Q

How many categories can glial cells be classified into?

A

Four

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18
Q

Name the categories of glial cells.

A
  • OLIGODENDROCYTES/SCHWANN CELLS - ASTROCYTES - MICROGLIA - EPENDYMAL CELLS
19
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

They regulate the extracellular environment of the brain.

20
Q

What is the most numerous type of glial cell within the human brain?

A

Astrocytes

21
Q

What are the functions of microglia?

A
  • Phagocytosis of neuronal and glial debris - Synaptic connection remodeling - Directing neuronal migration during brain development
22
Q

What type of glial cell are microglia?

A

Phagocytes

23
Q

Where are ependymal cells found?

A

They provide the lining of the ventricular system of both the brain and spinal cord.

24
Q

What are the functions of ependymal cells?

A
  • Osmotic regulation of cerebrospinal fluid - Flow of cerebrospinal fluid - Directing cell migration during brain development
25
Q

What neurological condition is linked with deficits in ependymal cell function?

A

Hydrocephalus

26
Q

What do oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells provide to neurons?

A

Myelin - a membranous sheath around axons

27
Q

How many axons does one oligodendrocyte contribute myelin to?

A

Several

28
Q

How many axons does one Schwann cell myelinate?

A

Only a single axon

29
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes situated?

A

In the central nervous system (CNS)

30
Q

Where are Schwann cells situated?

A

In the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

31
Q

What are the components of a prototypical neuron?

A

I. CELL BODY (SOMA), II. AXON, III. DENDRITES

32
Q

What organelles are found in the cell body (soma) of a neuron?

A
  • Nucleus - Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - Golgi apparatus - Mitochondrion
33
Q

What is the neuronal cytoskeleton composed of?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, and neurofilaments

34
Q

What is the function of microtubules in neurons?

A

They are important in axoplasmic transport

35
Q

What is the function of microfilaments in neurons?

A

They are particularly abundant in axons and dendrites

36
Q

What is the function of neurofilaments in neurons?

A

They are important in regulating axonal shape and are a promising biomarker for neurodegenerative disorders

37
Q

What are the regions of axons?

A

Axon hillock, Axon ‘proper’, Axon terminal

38
Q

What is myelin?

A

A membranous sheath that wraps around and insulates axons

39
Q

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath that are highly enriched in voltage-gated Na+ ion channels

40
Q

What are dendrites responsible for?

A

Receiving synaptic inputs from other neurons

41
Q

What are dendritic spines?

A

Small sacs of membrane that protrude from dendrites to receive synaptic input

42
Q

What is the sensitivity of dendritic spine structure related to?

A

Type and amount of synaptic activity

43
Q

What conditions have been associated with abnormal dendritic spine number?

A

Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia

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