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5050 > MACROANATOMY > Flashcards

MACROANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

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2
Q

How is the cerebrum divided?

A

Into two hemispheres (left and right)

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3
Q

What functions is the cerebrum responsible for?

A

Higher brain functions such as thinking, perception, memory, and voluntary action

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4
Q

Where is the frontal lobe located?

A

At the front of the brain

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5
Q

What functions does the frontal lobe control?

A

Executive functions, motor skills, language, and personality

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6
Q

Where is the parietal lobe located?

A

Behind the frontal lobe

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7
Q

What functions does the parietal lobe perform?

A

Processing sensory information, spatial awareness, and perception of stimuli

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8
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located?

A

On the sides of the brain

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9
Q

What functions does the temporal lobe regulate?

A

Auditory processing, memory, and language comprehension

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10
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located?

A

At the back of the brain

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11
Q

What functions does the occipital lobe control?

A

Visual processing

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12
Q

Where is the cerebellum situated?

A

At the back of the brain below the cerebrum

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13
Q

What are the primary functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinating voluntary movements, balance, and posture

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14
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

The lower part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord

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15
Q

What vital functions does the brainstem regulate?

A

Heartbeat, breathing, swallowing, and consciousness

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16
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata located?

A

At the base of the brainstem

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17
Q

What functions does the medulla oblongata control?

A

Vital autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

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18
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

Above the medulla oblongata

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19
Q

What functions is the pons involved in?

A

Sleep, breathing, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture

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20
Q

Where is the midbrain situated?

A

Above the pons

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21
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Serving as a relay station for auditory and visual information and being involved in motor control

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22
Q

Where is the thalamus located?

A

Atop the brainstem

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23
Q

What role does the thalamus play?

A

Acting as a relay station for sensory information, regulating consciousness, sleep, and alertness

24
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Below the thalamus

25
Q

What functions does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Hunger, thirst, body temperature, and the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

26
Q

Where are the basal ganglia found?

A

Deep within the cerebral hemispheres

27
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Involvement in voluntary motor control, procedural learning, and habit formation

28
Q

What is the structure of the spinal cord?

A

A cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue encased within and protected by the bony vertebral column.

29
Q

How far does the spinal cord extend?

A

From the base of the brain, specifically the medulla oblongata, to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.

30
Q

How is the spinal cord divided?

A

Into segments corresponding to the vertebrae, typically classified into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.

31
Q

What is the composition of the outer surface of the spinal cord?

A

White matter containing myelinated nerve fibers organized into tracts that carry signals up and down the cord.

32
Q

What does the inner core of the spinal cord consist of?

A

Gray matter containing nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated nerve fibers.

33
Q

What is the shape of the gray matter within the spinal cord?

A

Shaped like a butterfly or the letter “H,” with projections called horns.

34
Q

What is one primary function of the spinal cord?

A

To serve as a conduit for transmitting nerve signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

35
Q

What is sensory transmission in the context of the spinal cord?

A

The process by which sensory neurons detect various stimuli and transmit signals along sensory nerve fibers to the spinal cord.

36
Q

How are motor commands transmitted by the spinal cord?

A

Motor neurons within the spinal cord transmit signals from the brain to muscles and glands, enabling voluntary movement and control.

37
Q

What is the role of reflexes in the spinal cord?

A

The spinal cord is involved in generating and coordinating reflex actions, rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli.

38
Q

How does the spinal cord contribute to coordination?

A

Although complex movements are primarily coordinated by the brain, the spinal cord also plays a role in coordinating simpler motor patterns.

39
Q

What encases the brain for protection?

A

Skull, also known as the cranium.

40
Q

What is the role of the skull?

A

Provides a sturdy outer covering, shielding the brain from physical trauma.

41
Q

What are the three layers of meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.

42
Q

What is the function of the dura mater?

A

Tough and fibrous membrane providing protection and support to the brain.

43
Q

What is the middle layer of meninges?

A

Arachnoid mater.

44
Q

How does the arachnoid mater contribute?

A

It cushions the brain and helps maintain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation.

45
Q

What is the innermost layer of meninges?

A

Pia mater.

46
Q

What role does the pia mater play?

A

Adheres closely to the brain’s surface, providing additional support and protection.

47
Q

What surrounds the brain and spinal cord?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).

48
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Acts as a shock absorber, cushioning the brain and spinal cord against impact.

49
Q

What does CSF help remove?

A

Waste products.

50
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

A highly selective barrier separating circulating blood from brain extracellular fluid.

51
Q

What is the role of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Regulates passage of substances between bloodstream and brain, protecting the brain from harmful substances.

52
Q

What are the interconnected fluid-filled cavities in the brain called?

A

Ventricles.

53
Q

What do the ventricles produce and circulate?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) throughout the brain and spinal cord.

54
Q

What supplies oxygen, nutrients, and essential substances to the brain?

A

Cranial nerves and blood vessels.

55
Q

What ensures adequate perfusion and support for brain function?

A

The intricate network of blood vessels, including the arterial and venous systems.

5050 (5 decks)

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