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Neurology Anatomy > Microanaotomy of Eye > Flashcards

Microanaotomy of Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Function of eye

A

Photosensitive organ allowing analysis of shapes , colours and light intensity of objects.

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2
Q

Describe the location of the eyeball

A

In orbits of the skulls , cushioned by adipose tissue , protected anteriorly by eyelids. and eyelashes and continuously bather in fluid fro the lacrimal gland

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3
Q

What gland causes Tears

A

Lacrimal gland

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4
Q

Clinical name of eyelid and what is it made of

A

Palpebral

composed of skin and muscle

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5
Q

What is the white part around the iris of the eye called

A

Sclera

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6
Q

What is the conjuctiva

A

Lines the inner parts of eyelids and extends over onto the sclera of eye

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7
Q

When eyelids move over the sclera what are they doing

A

Helping to distribute Tear film made of aqueous solutions and oily secretion

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8
Q

What is the palpebral fissure

A

Corner of eye , opening between upper and lower eyelids

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9
Q

What are the names of the angles of the palpebral fissures

A

Medial commisura and lateral commissure

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10
Q

What is the lacrimal caruncle

A

Mixture of all surrounding tissues and has the opening of glands in it

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11
Q

What is the punctum

A

Upper punctum releases tear film into the eye and Lower punctum secretes secretions of glands along with upper punctum

located In the eye lids

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12
Q

The wall of the eyeball is comprised of what layers

A 
1- Outer : Sclera and cornea 
2- Middle : Uvea ( vascular ) 
 - choroid
 - ciliary body 
 - iris 
3- inner : retina
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13
Q

What is the cornea

A

transparent Outer layer covering the iris and pupil made of organized collagen that gives the transparency.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the Uvea of eye

A

mediator of nutrition and gas exchange because blood vessels will course through them

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15
Q

What is the retinal layer made of

A

Nervous tissue

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16
Q

What is the function of the cornea

A

Protective role and Helps to bend the light coming into the eye ( refract ) .

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17
Q

What is the sclera made of

A

Tough , dense CT that’s white and opaque. Mainly type 1 collagen fibres. No organization of fibres which gives white apearence.

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18
Q

What is the name of the boundary between the cornea and sclera

A

Limbus : the zone of transition of epithelium between sclera and cornea

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19
Q

What is the role of the sclera

A

Provides attachment of the intraocular muscles. Forms outer protective layer.

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20
Q

Anterior sclera and inner surface of eyelid is covered by

A

Conjuctiva : thin transparent mucus membrane

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21
Q

What is the role of conjuctiva

A

Prevents microbial entrance into the eye

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22
Q

Explain the Uvea

A

Pigmented layer to light proof the eye and reduce reflection of light.

  • Anterior portion contains smooth muscle of ciliary body and dilator/constrictor of iris
  • contains choroid, ciliary body and processes and iris
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23
Q

What is the role of the ciliary body

A

Muscle regulated tension of the suspensory ligaments of the lens

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24
Q

What is the posterior 2/3 of the avascular layer

A

Choroid

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25
Q

What is the Clinical relevance of Choroid

A

Age related macular degeneration :

Blood vessels in choroid have build up of lipid deposits = prevents diffusion of nutrients into the retina

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26
Q

What are the layers of the retina

A

Two layers
1- anterior 1/3 outer pigmented epithelial layer : single layer of pigmented simple cuboidal cells
2- posterior 2/3 inner neural layer : photosensitive and contains photoreceptor neurons ( cods and cones )

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the outer layer of retina

A

1- Absorbs lights scattered around eyeball that might affect ability to see.
2- Provide vitamin A for photoreceptors.
3- Help establish blood retinal barrier through tight junctions to regulate movement of solutes and nutrients from blood vessels into retinal tissue

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28
Q

Is the inner neural layer of the retina present in the anterior 1/3

A

No , only the retinal outer pigmented epithelium is there

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29
Q

What lines over the ciliary body

A

Retinal outer pigmented epithelium layer

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30
Q

What is the space between the cornea and the iris

A

The Anterior chamber : filled with aqueous humour

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31
Q

Where is the posterior chamber

A

space between posterior surface of iris and anterior surface of lens

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32
Q

What structure is from he lens to the optic disc

A

The vitreous body : a transparent Gell that fills the region posterior to the lens

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33
Q

What are the functions of the nitrous body

A

1- Contributes to magnifying power of the eye
2- supports the lens
3- hold the layers of the retina in place

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34
Q

What is the fovea

A

Point of greatest visual acuity

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35
Q

What are the layers of the cornea

A

5 layers
1- Outer : corneal epithelium SNKE with wound healing capability
2- Bowmans membrane
3- Corneal stroma : CT makes up most of cornea
4- Descemet’s membrane: cellular layer made of thing type 4 collagen
5- Corneal endothelium : simple squamous facing anterior chamber of eye.

36
Q

What is bowman’s membrane

A

Basement membrane to corneal epithelium made of CT and If damaged it could lead to scarring which can affect vision

37
Q

Can severe damage to corneal endothelium be prepared

A

Only through transplantation

38
Q

What fluid lies behind the cornea

A

Aqueous humour filling anterior chamber, between cornea and iris

39
Q

What layer if damaged in cornea could cause issues to visual acuity

A

Bowman’s membrane

40
Q

What is the function of the corneal storm layer

A

Refract light

41
Q

What is the basement membrane of the corneal endothelium

A

Descemet’s membrane

42
Q

The iris is an extension of the ? located in ?

A

Ciliary body . located in anterior 1/3 of Uvea

43
Q

What is the purpose of the iris

A

Controls how much light the pupil lets in

44
Q

What is the anterior border of the iris

A

limiting layer Composed of fibroblasts and melanocytes

45
Q

What is the posterior surface of the iris

A

Double layered Pigmented epithelium with contractile properties that cause pupils to dilate and constrict along with muscles in stroll layer of iris

46
Q

What is the middle layer of the iris

A

stromal layer of dilator and constricting muscles for pupil

47
Q

What is the thicker portion of the choroid and why is it thick

A

Ciliary body. Thick due to layer of smooth ciliary muscle.

48
Q

What are the ciliary processes

A

Projections of the ciliary body extending toward the lens

49
Q

Where is aqueous humour produced

A

Epithelium lining the ciliary processes

50
Q

What is the pathway of the aqueous humour

A

Passes from posterior through the pupil to anterior chambers and then drains through canal of schlemm ( endothelial channels )

51
Q

Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes what

A

Relaxation of lens

52
Q

What is the role of the aqueous humour

A

1- provides O2 and nutrients to part of lens and cornea

2- helps to assist in corneal reflection of light

53
Q

What is the trabecular meshwork

A

Found at junction of iris with cornea which drains all the aqueous humour into the canal of Schlemm

54
Q

Blockage of drainage of aqueous humour through meshwork could results in what

A

Intraocular pressure ( glaucoma ) = damage to retina = blindness

55
Q

What are the layers of the lens

A
  • Outer capsule of type 4 collagen
  • layer of cuboidal epithelium on anterior face ( lens )
  • centre of tightly packed enucleate cells packed with crystalline ( transparent proteins ) to form lens fibres
56
Q

Is the lens vascular or avascular

A

Avascular

57
Q

Why is transparency of the lens reduced in older individuals

A

Due to debris collecting in the fibres making it opaque = can cause cataracts

58
Q

What condition could exacerbate debris in the lens fibres

A

Diabetes

59
Q

4 groups of cells in the sensory retina

A

9 layers of different cell types could be grouped into 4 main categories
1- Photoreceptor neurons : rods and cons
2- conducting neurons : bipolar and ganglion cells
3- association neurons : horizontal & amacrine cells
4- neuroglia cells : muller cells

60
Q

List the layers of the sensory retina

A 
1- Internal limiting membrane : 
2- nerve fibre layer 
3- ganglion cell layer 
4- inner plexiform layer 
5- inner nuclear layer 
6- outer plexiform layer
7- outer nuclear layer 
8- external limiting membrane : 
9- photoreceptors : rods and cons
61
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the cons and rods ( photoreceptors )

A

In the outer nuclear layer

62
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the amacrine , glial and bipolar and horizontal of the retina

A

Inner nuclear layer

63
Q

Where is the nucleus of the retinal ganglion cells

A

Ganglion cell layer

64
Q

Where do the nerve fibres of the ganglion layer go to

A

Travel through the nerve fibre layer to the optic disc & optic nerve

65
Q

What are the plexiform layers (outer and inner ) of the retina

A

Fibrous layers that contain neuron synapses between axons and dendrites

66
Q

What is the role of the external limiting membrane e

A

Separate photosensitive regions ( rods and cons ) from areas of the retina that transmit neurochemical signals

67
Q

Where are the rods and cons embedded in

A

Retinal pigment epithelium

68
Q

What cells form the images in the retina

A

The rods and cons

69
Q

What are rods cell

A

Photoreceptor cells sensitive to light and particularly active in night vision and vision at low light levels

70
Q

What are cons

A

Photoreceptor cells that are responsible for high spatial acuity , distinguishing between colours and Higher light levels

71
Q

List 5 principal regions of rods and cons

A

1- retinal pigmented epithelium
2- outer segment : captures light in photoreceptor discs and converts to electric signals
3- inner segments containing organelles cell requires
4- Nucleus ONL : hosing nucleus
5- Synaptic bouton : synaptic region

72
Q

What is the macula

A

Photoreceptors are localized around the macula. The functional centre of retina.

73
Q

What is the fovea

A

Structure in the macula , a small shallow dimple where the cones are concentrated and where most of the light will be directed to.

74
Q

Where are the rods concentrated

A

Periphery of the retina except at centre of fovea , where the cons are

75
Q

What is the blind spot

A

The break in the retina that is the optic disk

76
Q

Can the rods detect difference between colours

A

No

77
Q

Where is the optic nerve

A

Point where all the axons form the ganglion cells merge and from the optic nerve. AKA the blind spot

78
Q

What is the orbiculares muscle

A

skeletal Muscle in the eyelid

79
Q

What are the glands that form the tear film

A

Meibomiam Glands , Apocrine glands , lacrimal glands

80
Q

Is the cornea vascular or avascular

A

avascular

81
Q

How do tears protect the conjuctiva form infection

A

contain antimicrobial and antibacterial proteins

82
Q

What is the outer surface of the eyelid made of

A

SNK epthelium

83
Q

What are is the purpose of the apocrine sweat glands in the eyelid

A

add lysozyme and antibacterial agents to the tear film

84
Q

What is the mucocutaneous junction

A

Muco : epidermis of eyelid

cutaneous : conjuctiva of eyelid

85
Q

What is the conjuctiva

A

Stratified columnar epithelium contains goblet cells that make mucous secretions to add to tear film

86
Q

What is the tarsal plate

A

Dense fibroelastic tissue contains glands of meibomian

87
Q

What are the meibomian glands

A

Sebaceous glands that secrete lipid rich secretions that prevents tears from evaporating

Neurology Anatomy (3 decks)

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