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RMICRO > Micro Physio > Flashcards

Micro Physio Flashcards

1
Q

basis of phylogenetic tree of life

A

comparative analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences showing evolutionary relationships

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2
Q

3 relevant features of prokaryotes

A
  1. nuclear membranes are absent, which allows couple transcription and translation
  2. smaller than eukaryotic
  3. cytoplasmic membrane is multifunctional in prokaryotes and represents the defining structure of the cell
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3
Q

5 superpyhla of archaea

A

nanoarchaeota, euryarchaeota, thaumarchaeota. crenarchaeota, korarchaeota

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4
Q

contains most cultured species of archaea, metabolically diverse and includes methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles and hyperthermo

A

euryarchaeota

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5
Q

contains nitrifying archaea; many members are uncultured, characterized by the use of 16s rrna genes

A

thaumarchaeota and cryptic archaeal phyla

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6
Q

represented by a single species; cannot grow in pure culture and only replicate when attached to the surface of their host organism (1)

A

nanorchaeota (DPANN), species- Nanoarchaeum equitans (one of the smalles cellular organism with smallest genome among species of archaea)

(1)Ignicoccus hospitalis- a hyperthermophilic species of crenarchaeota whose name means ‘the hospitable fireball’

nano attached to igni

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7
Q

many cultured isolates which are thermo/hyper using sulfur compounds as either electron donors or acceptor

A

crenarchaeota

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8
Q

t/f some archaea are natural flora in the human body

A

true

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9
Q

t/f there are archaea that cause diseases

A

f, no conclusive evidence

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10
Q

what domain is similar to archaea in terms of transcription machinery specifically in promoter recognition and initiation of transcription;

A

eukarya

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11
Q

only has one characterized species; recovered from obsidian pool a hot spring in yellowstone national park; species yet to be grown in pure culture

A

korarchaeota; Korarachaeum cryptofilum ‘ the secret filament of youth’

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12
Q

major composition difference in cell wall of bacteria vs archaea

A

presence of NAG and NAM in bacteria with beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage
while NAG and NAT in archaea with beta 1-3 glycosidic linkage

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13
Q

major composition difference in cell membrane of bacteria vs archaea

A

B= phospholipid bilayer, esther linked unbranched fatty acid to glycerol
A= branched isoprene chains, lipid monolayer in some archaea

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14
Q

the subunit composition and architecture of archaeal RNA polymerase is strikingly similar to

A

eukaryotic RNAPII

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15
Q

examples of DNA transfers in archaea

A

transformation in euryarchaeota
vesicle transport in thermococcales
transduction in archaea
conjugation in sulfolobaceae
cell fusion in haloarchaea
chromosomal DNA exchange in crenarchaeota

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16
Q

polymers of repeating units of glycerol or ribitol joined by phospohates; amino acids (D-ala) or sugars (glu) ar attached to gly/rib; covalently linked to murein through muramic acid; connected/ embedded in PG layer to membrane lipids

A

teichoic acids

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17
Q

linear polymers of 16-40 phosphodiester-linked glycerophosphate residues covalently linked to the cell membrane

A

lipoteichoic acid

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18
Q

properties and importance of teichoic acid

A

highly antigenic
anchors the wall to cell membrane
provides high density of regularly oriented charges
storage of phosphorus
facilitates attachment of bacteriophage
inhibits the activity of autolytic enzymes which hydrolyze the murein

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19
Q

cell wall substances: acidic polysaccharides containing uronic acids

A

teichuronic acids

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20
Q

cell wall substances: important in classification of some gram +

A

neutral polysaccharides

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21
Q

cell wall substances: may substitute for whatever function of LTA

A

other glycolipids

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22
Q

waxy lipids found in mycobacterium

A

mycolic acids

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23
Q

unique in the gram neg cell wall

A

LPS

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24
Q

gneg lps; embedded in the membrane as part of the lipid bilayer; hydrophobic; composed of 2 glucosamine residues linked B-1,6 backbone with 4 identical fatty acids

A

lipid A

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25
Q

gneg lps; shows high to moderate variability consists of hexoses

A

outer core

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26
Q

gneg lps; shows low structural variability; consists of 2-keto-3- deoxyoctonate (KDO), heptose, ethanolamine, and galactose

A

inner core

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27
Q

gneg lps; short polysach extending outward from the core; consist of peculiar sugars which varies between bacterial strains; not essential for variability

A

LPS o antigen

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28
Q

gneg lps importance

A

avoidance of host defenses (o antigen)
contributes to the neg charge on the cell’s surface
stabilizes membrane structure
acts as endotoxin

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29
Q

gneg lps; mediate interconnection between the OM and murein

A

lipoprotein

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30
Q

outer envelope; form small hydrophilic channels through the outer envelope allowing the diffusion of neutral charged solutes MW < 600 daltons; 3 identical units; associate to form membrane holes; transmembrane

A

porins

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31
Q

a separate compartment between the cell membrane and outer membrane in g neg bacteria; site of redox reactions, osmotic regulations, solute transport, protein secretion, hydrolysis

A

periplasm

32
Q

usually composed of only 1 or a few subunits self organized into repeating structures, which can have hexagonal, tetragonal, or trimeric symmetry; forming a rigid yet permeable paracrystalline lattice

A

s-layers

33
Q

another confirmatory tests for gram reactions; 3% KOH (lysing agent); gneg more susceptible due to thin lipid content in the OM

A

gregersen’s method

34
Q

uses carbolfuschin for primary stain; methylene blue for counterstain; for staining bacteria which cell wall contains high lipid concentrations thus are waxy, hydrophobic, and impermeable to gram staining; also for bacteria resistant to acid and alcohol (AFB and/or AAFB)

A

acid fast staining

35
Q

small cell wall-less bacteria but possess distinct morphologies; have internal protein cytoskeleton that determines and maintains cell shape; cytoplasmic membrane are more stable than that of other bacteria due to sterols; uses lipoglycans to stabilize cell membrane; parasitic and pathogenic

A

mollicutes- mycoplasma. spiroplasma, acholeplasma

36
Q

cytoplasmic membrane functions

A

serves as permeable barrier
protein anchor
for energy conversation
lipid biosynthesis and cell wall
protein secretion
secretion and uptake of intracellular signals
responses to environmental signals

37
Q

major phospholipid in the cytoplasmic membrane; formed from glycerol-3-P, serine and fatty acids in the ratio 1:1:2

A

phosphatidylethanolamine

38
Q

next most prevalent phospholipid in the cytoplasmic membrane; formed from glycerol-3-P and fatty acids in equimolar ratios

A

phosphatidylglycerol

39
Q

cytoplasmic membrane components; embedded in the CM;amphipathic; bound to the fatty acids of the phospholipids via hydrophobic bonding

A

integral proteins

40
Q

cytoplasmic membrane components; attached to membrane surfaces by ionic interactions

A

peripheral proteins

41
Q

archaeal membrane distinction from bacterial and eukaryotic membranes

A

ether linkages
isoprenoid side chains
branched side chains

42
Q

lipid monolayer composition examples in archaea

A

diglycerol tetraethers
crenarchaeol

43
Q

contains of aqueous solution of three groups of molecules- maromolecules (proteins, mRNA, tRNA etc), small molecules which serves as energy sources, precursors of macromolecules, metabolites or vitamins, various organic and inorganic ions and cofactors; structural components: nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusion bodies

A

cytoplasm

44
Q

isolated compartments where specialized conditions are maintained to perform chemical process not possible in the cytoplasmic space (ie. anammoxosome, carboxysome, acidocalcisomes); densely packed membrane structures that facilitate higher throughput for membrane-dependent metabolic processes by increasing the available surface in a cell (ie thylakoid, chlorosome, membranous structure in methane, nitrite, and ammonia oxidizer)

A

intracytoplasmic membranes (ICM)

45
Q

complex structures made of both protein and ribonucleic acid; present in the cytoplasmic matrix or loosely attached to the plasma membrane; site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

46
Q

site of DNA and RNA synthesis; DNA tightly coiled; DNA binding ‘nucleoid’ proteins that bend and compact DNA

A

nucleoid

47
Q

general term for the thick cover or layer of polymers deposited outside the cell

A

glycocalyx

48
Q

well organized glycocalyx; attached firmly to the cell wall; compact; excludes particles like india ink

A

capsule

49
Q

zone of diffused, unorganized material; loose association; does not exclude particles

A

slime layer

50
Q

capsule staining procedure; use of acidic dye, nigrosin/ india ink; stains the background brownish to black; capsules clear zones or colorless around refractile cells

A

negative staining/ Duguid’s method

51
Q

capsule staining procedure; use of crystal violet as primary stain and 20% copper sulfate as decolorizer and counterstain; capsules appear light or blue or colorless, cells are dark purple

A

anthony’s method

52
Q

capsule staining procedure; uses congo red as ph indicator; stain component- 1% acid fuchsin which stains cell cytoplasm, 5% phenol which increases penetration power of stain, 30% FeCl3 which is a chemical fixative, 20% acetic acid which changes the background from red to blue

A

maneval’s staining method

53
Q

hairlike substructure on the surfaces of prokaryotic cell; composed of protein sub-units called ‘pilins’

A

pili/fimbriae

54
Q

types of pili; involved in attachment of cells to surfaces; composed of a single protein; major determinant of bacterial virulence; up to 1000 per cell

A

adhesion pili

55
Q

types of pili; vehicles for transfer of genetic information between bacteria; composed of phosphoglycoprotein; about 1-10 per cell

A

conjugation pili

56
Q

types of pili; structure for motility

A

type IV pili

57
Q

distinct bodies that may occupy a substantial part of the cytoplasm; may be organic or inorganic; some lie free in the cytoplasm or enclosed by a shell consisting of proteins or a membranous structure composed of proteins and phospholipids; usually used for storage

A

inclusion bodies

58
Q

motility structures and mechanisms; swimming in aqueous environment; swarming on solid surface

A

flagella

59
Q

motility structures and mechanisms; twitching motility

A

type 4 pili

60
Q

motility structures and mechanisms; swimming without flagella

A

cytoskeleton

61
Q

motility structures and mechanisms; buoyancy; movement in water column

A

gas vesicle

62
Q

flagellar composition; a hollow rigid cylinder constructed of a single protein called flagellin; consists of a thousand copies of flagellin

A

flagellar filament

63
Q

flagellar composition; connects filament to cell; structurally related to filament, made of different protein, FLgE; less rigid than filament; junction proteins between hook and filament

A

flagellar hook

64
Q

motile bacteria move in response to different environmental stimuli

A

taxis

65
Q

unique about flagella of spirochetes

A

located in the periplasm
function by rotating in the periplasmic space
expressed throughout the cell’s life cycle and are believed to have vital skeletal and motility functions
leads into corkscrew motility

66
Q

surface motility; requires ATP hydrolysis to extend to several micrometers and then retract the cell to move forward; movement occurs in discrete movements

A

twitching motility by type IV

67
Q

surface motility; requires a helical intracellular protein track that interacts with the gliding motors and extracellular adhesion proteins; rotation driven by PMF that translate the force to the helical track causing adhesion protein to move in a helical pattern; results in a continuous forward motion and clockwise rotation of the cell

A

gliding motility

68
Q

surface appendages; means tuft in latin; first identified functional amyloids; extracellular protein fibers produced by many enteric bacteria (E. coli, S. enterica); crucial in biofilm formation, colony patterning, and interactions with host factors; morphology is characterized by highly coiled and aggregative thin fibers randomly distributed on the cell surface; resistant to degradation by proteases and denaturation by detergents

A

bacterial curli

69
Q

surface appendages; tubular surface appendages broadly found in gram-negative bacteria; extend without apparent connection to the cytoplasm and are attached to the cell surface by proteins; for long-distance communication among bacteria, mediating exchanges in intercellular signals; randomly distributed on the cell surface

A

bacterial spinae

70
Q

surface appendages; hollow tubules; small reed or cane in latin; connects the cells of pyrodictium to each other; highly resistant to heat and denaturing agents; entered the periplasmic space but not the cytoplasm; function unclear whether used for nutrient and genetic exchange or provide a means for anchoring

A

archaeal cannulae

71
Q

surface appendages; prickle, claw, hook, barb / fishing rod in latin; structurally resemble type IV pili except for their barbed terminus; affix cells to a surface to form a networked biofilm; function as miniature grappling hooks to attach cells to a surface or to one another; archaeal cells that bear these fibers are found in macroscopically visible string-of-pearls like arrangements among bacterial filaments

A

archaeal hami

72
Q

anatomy of the spore; loosely cross-linked peptidoglycan

A

cortex

73
Q

anatomy of the spore; forms complex with small acid-soluble proteins (SASP); binds to DNA and protects it from UV desiccation and dry heat; carbon and energy source for outgrowth of new vegetative cell during germination; contains high levels of dipicolinic acid and other ions; dehydrates the spore conferring resistance to chemicals and inactivates enzymes

A

core

74
Q

anatomy of the spore; possesses ridges and valleys; appears as fold in cross-section (TEM); prevents entry of large degradative molecules, toxic small reactive molecules, and predation by other microbes; when unfolded accommodate the increase in volume of that accompanies germination

A

coat

75
Q

anatomy of the spore; outermost layer of the spore; contiguous shell surrounding the coat, and separated from it by a gap (interface); proteins present are candidates for vaccine and spore detection and important interaction with the environment

A

exosporium

76
Q

do not possess photosystem II, thus do not produce O2; do not fix CO2 thus, do not require carbohydrates and reductants from vegetative cells; do not divide; site of nitrogen fixation, nitrogen gas to ammonia

A

heterocysts in anabaena

RMICRO (3 decks)

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