Basic Micro Flashcards
Invented the first compound microscope in1597
Zacharias Janssen
suggested to be first to observe microorganisms; 20 years before Hooks, 29 years before leeuwenhoek
Athanasius Kirche
create compound microscope in 1676 “wee animalcules”
Antonie van leeuwenhoek
“cells” in cork, “elongated stalks” fungi, 30x compound microscope 1665
Robert Hooke
Author of meat in jar experiment 1668
Francesco Redi
Author of mutton broth in flask, unsealed boiling 1745
John Needham
Redone mutton broth experiment, sealed boiling 1768
Lazzaro Spallanzani
debunked spontaneous generation via passing air through strong acid
Franz Schultze
debunked spontaneous generation via passing air through red-hot tubes
Theodor Schwann
debunked spontaneous generation via filtering air through sterile cotton wool 1850
Georg Friedrich Schroder
Theodor von Dusch
Autho of Swan-neck flask experiment, prroving life did not arise from non-life 1822-1895
Louis Pasteur
Delivered the final blow against spontaneous generation; dust carries microorganisms; provided evidence for the existence of heat-resistant bacteria 1820-1893
John Tyndall
“Disease are caused by specific agents called germs”
Germ theory of disease
“disease was caused by invisible living creatures” 1478-1553
Girolamo Fracastoro
showed that Beauveria bassiana (fungi) cause silkworm disease 1773-1856
Agostino Bassi
showed that the great potato blight of ireland was caused by Phytophthora infestans (fungus-like) 1845
Miles Joseph Berkeley
smut and rust fungi cause cereal crop disease; Founding father of plant pathology 1853
Heinrich Anton de Bary
savior of mothers; asepsis
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis 1861
used phenol or carbolic acid in surgical dressing and heat- sterilized surgical instruments; Father of Antiseptic Surgery 1867
Joseph Lister
showed that the pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by Nosema bombycis (protozoa)
Louis Pasteur
established the relationship between B. anthracis and anthrax, Tuberculosis, cholera
Robert Koch
State the Principles of Koch Postulates
- The suspected causative agent must be absent from all healthy organisms but present in all diseased organisms.
- The causative agent must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
- the cultured agent must cause the same disease when inoculated into a healthy susceptible organism.
- The same causative agent must then be reisolated from the inoculated diseased organism
The informal “vaccination” before vaccines were developed
variolation
Diseases of the vaccines created by Pasteur and his co-workers
chicken cholera, anthrax, rabies
Developed porcelain bacterial filterer 1851-1908
Charles Chamberland
Tobacco mosaic disease caused by an infectious agent smaller than a bacterium he called “virus”1898; “contagium vivum fluidum”; one of the founders of virology
Martinus Beijerink
developed 606th compound SALVARSAN; organic arsenal used to treat syphilis
Paul Ehrlich
demonstrated role of yeasts in fermentation; alcohol fermentation by yeasts; lactic acid fermentation by bacteria
Louis Pasteur
discovered the existence of heat-resistant bacterial endospores
Ferdinand Cohn
studied soil and soil microorganisms; developed enrichment cultures and selective media
Sergei Winogradsky
Martinus Beijerink
Discovered nitrogen fixation
Martinus Beijerink
Discovered lithotophy and chemoautotrophy
Sergei Winogradsky
microscope that uses light waves and mirrors
simple, compound/complex light microscopes
microscope that has higher magnification and resolving power, uses electron beams as energy source, for <0.2mm objects, in vacuum
electron microscope
Light microscope; darker objects; bright micro field; for gross morphology
bright field
light microscope; dark micro field; luminous objects; for invisible, cannot be stained, and distorted by staining specimen
dark field
light microscope; based on refractive indices; detailed examination for internal structure
Phase contrast
Light microscope; based on refractive indices; no diffraction halo; 3D appearance
differential interference contrast
light microscope; detection of immunological reactions ; uses fluorochromes; visualize specimen that fluoresce
fluorescence
light microscope; use for thick specimen like biofilms; to visualize structures
confocal
light microscope; to examine living cells within intact issues
two-photon
electron microscope; ultrastucture in thin section of cells; resolution up to atomic level of thinner objects; examine viruses
TEM
electron microscope; surface features; reveals 3D image
SEM
organic compounds carrying chromophoric ions; provides increase in contrast for internal and external cell structure visualization
Dye/ stains
Types of stains
basic/positively-charged, acidic/negatively charged, neutral
staining type; only one dye
simple staining
staining type; one dye; cells same color as dye
positive/direct simple staining
staining type; one dye; cells are colorless or luminous
negative/ indirect simple staining
basic dyes/ positive stains
crystal violet, malachite green, methylene blue, safranin
acidic dye/ negative stains
acid fuchsin, eosin, rose bengal, india ink, nigrosine
stain type; 2 or more dyes/ reagents; ex gram stain, acid-fast
differential staining
makes dye less soluble to adhere to cell walls
mordant- iodine
differential staining; for diagnosis of tuberculosis
acid fast staining; Ziehl-Neelsen, kinyoun
differential staining; for capsules, endospores, flagella, storage granules
structural staining
capsule staining; negative; bacterial cells resuspended in antiserum that contains antibodies raised against the capsule
quellung reaction
capsule staining; cv as primary stain, decolorizing agent and counterstain 20% copper sulfate
Anthony’s method
capsule staining; congo red as ph indicator; phenol+ CH3COOH+FeCl3, phenol+ FeCl3 (acid fuchsin)
Maneval’s staining
culture; population arose from a single cell
pure/ axenic culture
method to increase population of microorganisms by providing nutritional and physical requirements
cultivation
types of culture media based on physical state
liquid/ broth, semi-solid 0.1-0.5% solidifying agent, solif 1.5-2.0% sol a
types of culture media based on chemical composition
synthetic, complex
types of culture media according to principal function, purpose or application
general purpose, differential
isolation technique; visible colonies
plating
isolation technique; for isolation of unusual physiological types of microorganisms which are present in small numbers/ grow slowly; isolation by combining nutrient and physical conditions
enrichment culture
isolation technique; used if desired microorganisms is present at higher level
serial dilution
isolation technique; use micropipette/ microprobe to physically pick a single cell to transfer to an agar medium
single-cell isolation technique
isolation technique; for samples with low population
membrane filter technique
culture preservation; considers time interval of transfers
periodic transfer to fresh media
culture preservation; to limit availability of oxygen thereby reducing metabolic rate
overlaying cultures with mineral oil
culture preservation; rapid drying in frozen state
lyophilization
culture preservation; uses cryoprotective agent, -196C
freezing with liquid nitrogen
culture preservation; samples grown on sterile paper discs with nutrient and air dried, use of calcium chloride
drying
complete destruction of all microorganisms and endospores
sterilization
killing, inhibition, or removal of pathogenic microorganisms
disinfection
reduction of microbial population to levels considered safe by public health standards
sanitization
carry out antisepsis, effective against microorganisms does not damage tissues
antiseptics
mechanical removal + use of mild chemicals on tissues or skin
degerming
example of moist heat method
pasteurization, boiling, steam under pressure, tyndallization
example of dry heat application
direct flame
microbial control ; decreased enzyme activity;decrease metabolic activity
refrigeration
microbial control; exclusion of microorganisms; for heat sensitive solutions
filtration
microbial control; irreversible denaturation of enzymes and structural proteins
moist heat
microbial control; oxidation of molecular components
dry heat- hot air
microbial control; lowers water activity; microbiostasis
dessication
microbial control; lowers water activity; microbiostasis; rapid freezing then sublimation
lyophilization
microbial control; osmotic shock
addition of solutes
microbial control;breaks DNA double strand; for materials that cannot be autoclaved
ionizing radiation
microbial control; formation of thymine dimers;poor penetrating power-surface disinfection
non-ionizing radiation
microbial control; thymine dimers and oxidation ROS
radiation- sunlight
microbial control; antimicrobial agent; substance that kills microorganisms
cidal; bactericidal, fungicidal etc
microbial control; antimicrobial agent; prevent growth of microorganisms
static; bacteriostatic, fungistatic etc
microbial control; membrane disruption and protein denaturation
phenol and phenolics
microbial control; phenol and phenolics; inhibits fatty acid biosynthesis pathway; banned by USFDA
triclosan
microbial control; protein denaturation; inhibit cell metabolism; disrupts cell membrane; lyse cell; cidal to enveloped virus
alcohol
microbial control; group VIIA
halogens
microbial control;halogens; oxidation of celllular components
iodine, chlorine, bleach
microbial control;halogens; interferes with bacterial metabolism ; bacteriostatic
fluorine/fluoride
microbial control; protein denaturation; oligodynamic, no selective toxicity
heavy metals
microbial control; protein denaturation; oligodynamic, no selective toxicity; used to treat syphilis
mercury
microbial control; protein denaturation; oligodynamic, no selective toxicity; combined with antibiotics; coating in med supplies
silver
microbial control; nucleic acid and enzyme inactivation
alkylating agents; aldehydes, ethylene oxide
microbial control; oxidation of cellular components ; disinfectant/ antiseptic
peroxygens, hydrogen peroxide
measuring microbial control; time needed to kill a given number of organisms at specifc temp
thermal death time
measuring microbial control; time required to destroy 90% of organisms
decimal reduction time; D value
measuring microbial control; smallest amount of agent needed to inhibit the growth of a test organism
MIC
classification system; based on arbitrary chosen criteria
artificial
classification system; arranges organisms into groups whose members share many characteristics.
natural
classification system; natural classification; based on mutual similarity of the organism phenotypes
phenetic system
classification system; based on evolutionary relationships rather than general resemblance
phylogenetic or phyletic system
2 kingdom scheme; carolus linnaeus 1735
animalia, vegetabilia
3 kingdom system; primitive and advanced forms
Ernst Haeckel
2 empire system; prokaryote and eukaryote 1937
Edouard Chatton
the 4th kingdom in the 4 kingdom scheme by Herbert Copeland 1938
Monera
5 kingdom scheme
Robert Whittaker
6 kingdom Scheme 1977
Carl Woese
Woese, Kandler and Wheelis 1990
3 Domains of life
ubiquitous; conserved for identification yet variable to determine evolutionary relationships
rRNA
system used in nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature
Nutritional type; energy source sunlight; carbon source C02
photoautotroph
Nutritional type; energy source sunlight; carbon source organic compounds
photoheterotroph
Nutritional type; energy source inorganic chemicals; carbon source C02
chemoautotroph
Nutritional type; energy source organic compounds; carbon source organic compounds
chemoheterotroph
inclusion bodies; stored carbon and energy source
glycogen granules
inclusion bodies; lipid-like, stored carbon and energy source
PHB
inclusion bodies; stored nitrogen source polymer of amino acids, produced in times of stress
cyanophycin
inclusion bodies; contains enzymes involved in carbon fixation
carboxysomes
inclusion bodies; present in Bacillus thuringiensis
crystal proteins
inclusion bodies; impermeable to water and solutes but not to gases, for buoyancy
gas vacuoles
inclusion bodies; not an energy storage, orientation for favorable conditions
magnetosomes
inclusion bodies; inorganic; metachromatic polyphosphate reservoirs
volutin
inclusion bodies; inorganic; energy and electron source; present in T. namibiensis
sulfur granules
rapid approach for evaluating polymorphisms between strains
genome fingerprinting
genome fingerprinting; fragments of DNa generated from individual genes or whole genomes
ribotyping
acts like a copying machine
PCR
determine relatedness between strains; gold standard for the delineation of bacterial species
DNA-DNA hybridization
growth where the cells double its numbers
exponential growth
most common mechanism of replication in bacteria; asexual reproduction
binary fission
The time it takes the cell to double its numbers
generation time
proteins that interact to form a division apparatus in the cell (divisome
fts proteins- filamentous temperature-sensitive
orchestrates the synthesis of new cytoplasmic membrane and new cell wall material
divisome
protein that forms a constricting ring at the division site
FtsZ
protein that serves as the driving force behind membrane invagination at the division site
FtsA
protein that helps in separating the replicated bacterial chromosome
FtsK
protein that plays a role in the later stages of peptidoglycan synthesis
FtsI
also known as the adaptation phase; synthesis of protoplasm; no immediate increase in cell numbers or mass; synthesis of new components
lag phase
growth and division at the maximal rate; constant growth rate; cells are uniform chemically, metabolically, and physiologically
log/ exponential growth phase
no net increase; growth rate tapers off; equal death and growth rate;
stationary phase
decline of viable cells; death higher than growth
death / logarithmic decline phase
flow system of constant volume to which fresh medium is added continuously and spent culture medium removed at a constant rate
chemostat/ continuous culture
when a system is in equilibrium; cell number and nutrient status constant
steady state
measuring of microbial growth; total cell count; uses squares to determine cell count
counting chamber method/ Petroff-Hausser chamber
measuring of microbial growth; total cell count; initially developed to count blood cells; uses electrodes; senses the change in resistance in an electrolyte solution that takes place when a cell passes through a small opening automatically counting cells
coulter counter method
measuring of microbial growth; total cell count; employed for counting bacteria in milk samples; cheap and rapid; gives indirect information about the herd from which the milk was drawn
breed count
measuring of microbial growth; uses cfu/ml; one cell gives rise to one colony;employs serial dilution
viable cell count/ viable plate count
measuring of microbial growth; viable cell count; volume of sample is 0.1-1ml; involves molten agar; surface and subsurface colonies
pour plate method
measuring of microbial growth; viable cell count; volume of sample is 0.1 ml; surface colonies
spread plate method
measuring of microbial growth; viable cell count; uses 20 ul of sample; valid colony counts 10-20 ul
Miles and Misra (drop method)
measuring of microbial growth; viable cell count; uses a logarithmically decreasing volume of sample by dispensing it on a petri dish in an archimedes spiral
Spiral plate method (spiral plater)
measuring of microbial growth; viable cell count;for dairy and food products; use of screw-capped tubes/ bottles of varying sizes; pre-determined amounts of melted and inoculated agar are added into the tube and the agar is made to solidify as a thin layer on the inside of the vessel; colonies are counted by rotating the vessel
roll tube method
measuring of microbial growth; viable cell count; to concentrate the cells
Filtration; membrane filter technique
measuring of microbial growth; viable cell count; a statistical estimating method based on the fact that the greater the number of bacteria in a sample, the more dilution is needed to reduce the density to the point at which no bacteria are left to grow in the tubes in a dilution series; combines dilution to extinction with statistical probability
most probable number method (MPN)
measuring of microbial growth; less costly than viable count; ie electric particle counting, detection of carbon isotopes
rapid semi/ automated counts
determination of mass; direct types
wet and dry weight determination
determination of mass; indirect method; uses spectrophotometer
turbidimetric methods
used to standardized the number of bacteria in a liquid suspension
McFarland standards
measurement by chemical analysis; biochemical assays; can be used to estimate living biomass (luciferin-luciferase assay)
ATP and total Adenylate Nucleutides
represents the quantity of energy being stored; expressed in units of weight/ units of energy
biomass
adaptation of psychrophilic bacteria
-largely unsaturated fatty acids in their plasma membranes
- have greater amounts of alpha helix and lesser contents of beta sheet secondary making their proteins less rigid and greater flexibility in catalyzing reactions at colder environments
adaptation of thermophilic bacteria
-high G+C content in their DNA
-presence of highly saturated membrane fatty acids
-hyperthermophiles membranes has phytane
-heat stable structural proteins and proteins are modified for thermal stability
Response of aerobes and aerotolerant anaerobes to presence of oxygen
-production of superoxide dismutase ( prevents lethal accumulation of superoxide)
-having the enzyme catalase (directed to decompose H202)
-peroxidase enzymes in LAB in place of catalase in some species
Response of obligate anaerobes to presence of oxygen
-lacks superoxide dismutase, catalase, and/or peroxidase (reason oxygen is toxic to them)
-presence of carotenoid pigments (all photosynthetic, some non-photosynthetic are protected from the lethal oxidation of singlet oxygen due to this)
Biochemical test; used to determine if the mcg is able to detoxify hydrogen peroxide; produces bubbles as a positive reaction
catalase test
Biochemical test; to determine the presence of cyt c oxidase enzyme ; oxidizes tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride TMPD resulting to indophenol blue positive reaction
oxidase test
microorganisms which live in dry environments (due to lack of water)
xerophiles
microorganisms which live in environments with high sugar
osmophiles
growth factors; required for the synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
purines and pyrimidines
growth factors; required for the synthesis of proteins
amino acids
growth factors; needed as coenzymes and functional groups of certain enzymes
vitamins
mutant strains of bacteria that require growth factor not needed by the wild type
auxotrophs
needed for the synthesis of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, etc
nitrogen
present in nucleic acids, phospholipids, nucleotides etc ; form inorganic phosphates
phosphorus
needed for the synthesis of cysteine and methionine, some CHO, biotin and thiamine etc
sulfur
mcgs that use CO2 as sole or principal carbon source
autotrophs
mcgs that use reduced, preformed organic molecules as carbon sources
heterotophs
mcgs that use light as their energy source
phototrophs
mcgs that obtain energy from oxidation of organic/ inorganic compounds
chemotrophs
mcgs that use reduced inorganic compounds as their electron source
lithotrophs
mcgs that use reduced organic compounds as their electron source
organotrophs
nutrient uptake; molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration; limited to a few small useful molecules (ie glycerol, H2O, O2, and CO2)
passive diffusion
nutrient uptake; involves carrier molecule( i.e. permease) to increase rate of diffusion; higher to lower conc
facilitated diffusion
nutrient uptake; metabolic energy is used to move molecules to the cell interior where the solute concentration is already higher (against conc gradient); requires expenditure of metabolic energy ; w transport proteins
active transport
nutrient uptake; active transport; mediated by transporters; no modification of substances transported; uniporters; energy provided by ATP hydrolysis
primary active transporters
nutrient uptake; active transport; used potential of ion gradients; no modification of substances being transported; cotransporters- symport and antiport
secondary active transport
nutrient uptake; active transport; substances are modified as they are transported into the membrane; i.e. best translocation system -phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system
Group translocation
nutrient uptake; needed for cytochrome and several eznymes; uses siderophores
iron uptake
genetic transfer; cell to cell contact
conjugation
extra chromosomal independently replicated DNA in bacteria and yeasts
plasmids
plasmid that can exist w/wo being integrated into the host’s chromosome
episome
genetic transfer; via viruses (most common)
transduction
genetic transfer; transduction; occurs during the lytic cycle of virulent and temperate viruses; host DNA becomes part of the virion DNA
generalized transduction
genetic transfer; transduction; occurs only in some temperate viruses; transfer of specific region of the host chromosome into the virus replacing some of the viral genes
specialized/ restricted transduction
genetic transfer; uptake of naked DNA molecule or fragment from the medium and its incorporation into the recipient cell ; contact with competent cell (able to take up DNA)
transformation
genetic transfer; used in microorganisms with no known conjugation system; uses enzymes to digest cell wall
protoplast fusion
unicellular fungi
yeast
fungi phylum; motile spores with flagella
chytridiomycota
fungi phylum; resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage
zygomycota
fungi phylum; arbuscular mycorrhizae
glomeromycota
fungi phylum; sexual spores borne internally in sacs called asci
ascomycota (sac fungi)
fungi phylum; elaborate fruiting body called basidiocarp
basidiomycota (club fungi)
fungi phylum; unicellular fungi that are obligate intracellular parasites; some are human pathogens; lack mitochondria, peroxisomes, and centrioles; form a very early-branching lineage of eukarya; capable of forming spores
microsporidia
fungi phylum; aquatic; only fungi with flagellated spores/ zoospores; majority are saprobic; some are parasites; simplest true fungi ; diverged earliest
chytridiomycota
fungi phylum; sexual reproduction via zygospores (resistant heterokaryons) producing genetically variable spores; asexual reproduction via sporangiospores and chlamydospores; mostly saprobic
zygomycota
fungi phylum; capable of infecting roots of plants; associated with ~90% of plant species; important symbiotes of plant roots increasing its absorption capacities; obligate symbiotes
glomeromycota
fungi phylum; largest division; presence of ascus (sac-like cases); sexual reproduction ascospores ; asexual reproduction conidia/conidiospores (naked spores)
ascomycota
fungi phylum; sexual reproduction via club-shaped reproductive structures (basidia) containing basidiospores; uncommon asexual reproduction
basidiomycota (club fungi)
fungi phylum;eclectic group; unknown sexual structures; only an anamorph is known (asexual state; imperfect fungi
deuteromycetes
morphological and physiological conversion of certain fungi from one phenotype to another when such fungi change from one environment to another
fungal dimorphisms
examples of fungi that are dimorphic
Blastomyces, coccidioides, histoplasma, paracoccidioides. sporothrix, candida albicans
General characteristics of fungi
all eukaryotic
most are filamentous
some unicellular
protoplasm of hypha or cell is surrounded by a rigid wall (chitin and glucans, some cellulose) 80-90 % polysaccharide
many reproduce both sexually and asexually
all are chemoheterotrophic
all are achlorophyllous
mainly saprophytic
Haploid cells from 2 different mycelia fuse to form a heterokaryotic cell with 2 or more nuclei
plasmogamy
Nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote
Karyogamy
fungal morphology; tubular filament exhibiting apical growth
hypha
fungal morphology; mass of hyphae
mycelium
fungal morphology; body/soma of fungi
thallus
fungal morphology; types of hyphae; based on septation
septate
coenocytic/ non septate
fungal morphology; types of hyphae; based on function; penetrate the media and absorb food
vegetative hyphae
fungal morphology; types of hyphae; based on function; directed above the surface of media
aerial hyphae
fungal morphology; types of hyphae; based on function; aerial hyphae that carry different spores
reproductive hyphae
specialized hyphal structure; outgrowth of somatic hypha in parasitic in fungi ; fungal hypha penetrate plant cell wall
Haustoria
specialized hyphal structure; root-like structure
rhizoids
specialized hyphal structure; hypha that connects two rhizoids
stolon
specialized hyphal structure; formed by nematode-trapping fungi ; adapted for trapping and killing prey
ring
Nutrition types of fungi
chemoheterotrophic
absorptive; some phagocytic
saprophytic or parasitic
preferred carbon source of fungi
glucose or maltose
fungal environmental interactions; associations between fungi and algae/cyanobacteria; biomonitors of atmospheric quality
lichens
role of fungi in lichens
mycobiont
role of algae/cyanobacteria in lichens
photobiont
common reproductive structures of lichens
soredia
method to determin the age of exposed rock surfaces based on the size of lichen thalli
lichenometry
compound used for the suppression of tuberculosis, bioactive compound mainly found as a secondary metabolite in lichens
usnic acid
symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi
mycorrhizae
asexual reproduction; hyphae break up into their component cells that behave as spores (arthrospores- fragmented hyphal cells- arthroconidia)
fragmentation
asexual reproduction; simple splitting of a cell into 2 daughter cells by constriction and formation of a cell wall
fission
asexual reproduction; production of a small outgrowth from a parent cell
budding
asexual reproduction; most common; varied size, shape, number and arrangement of cells and manner
asexual spore formation
types of asexual spores; borne within a sporangium
sporangiospores
types of asexual spores; sporangiospores; motile with flagella
zoospores
types of asexual spores; sporangiospores; non motile
aplanospores
types of asexual spores; exogenous/ free/naked
conidiospores
types of asexual spores; budding spores
blastospore
types of asexual spores; based on spore development;
develop by septation and fragmentation; at tip of hypha (arthrospores) or intercalary (chlamydospores)
thallic
types of asexual spores; based on spore development; develop by budding and swelling; single spores or chain of spores (ie blastospores, phialospores)
blastic
3 phases of fungal sexual reproduction
plasmogamy; union of 2 protoplasts
karyogamy; fusion of 2 nuclei brought on by plasmogamy
meiosis- turns to haploid
types of sexual reproduction; gametes of complementary mating types
planogametic copulation
types of sexual reproduction; planogametic copulation; the gametes in a fusing pair are morphologically similar but physiologically distinct
isogamy
types of sexual reproduction; planogametic copulation; one planogamy is larger in size; larger more active gamete and smaller female gamete
anisogamy
types of sexual reproduction; planogametic copulation; motile gametes are release from male gametangium some reach the oogonium;large immotile female gametes and small motile male gametes
oogamy
types of sexual reproduction; gametangia come in contact but do not fuse ; gametangy (ascomycota); male gamete is transferred to the female gamete via a fertilization tube
gametangial contact
types of sexual reproduction; gametangiogamy (ascomycota); gametangia fuse and gives rise to a zygote that develops into a resting spore
gametangial copulation
types of sexual reproduction; fusion of somatic cell during plasmogamy (ascomycota, basidiomycota)
somatogamy
types of sexual reproduction; fusion of hyphal tips of two complementary mating types; receptive hypha and spermatia
spermatization
general characteristics of algae
eukaryotic
unicellular, multicellular/filamentous, some colonial
cell wall is thin and rigid
mostly non-pathogenic
photosynthetic
some motile, some attached to substratum(benthic)
site of CO2 fixation and starch formation in algae
pyrenoids
organ for phototaxis in algae
eyespot/ stigma
unicellular algae; model system for photosynthesis, flagellar movement, phototaxis, and cell-cell communication
Chlamydomonas
pigments found in algae
chlorophylls
carotenoids (carotenes, xanthophylls)
phycobilins : phycoerythrobilin-red
phycouronilin- orange
phycoviolobilin- purple
phycocyanabilin/phycobiliverdin- blue
Rhodophytes common traits
key genera- polysiphonia, cyanidium, galdiera;
habitat- salt water, few in freshwater and terrestrial; reddish color due to phycoerythrin, chlorophyll a, phycobiliproteins, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin;
mostly multicellular and non-motile
cell wall composed of cellulose, pectin, and carrageenan
reproduction; asexual spores and sexual gametes
Chlorophytes common traits
key genera; chlamydomonas, volvox
habitat; fresh water, salt water, soil, bark of tree (lichens)
principal pigments: chlorophyll a and b, carotenes, xanthophylls
unicellular to filamentous to colonial, multicellular
storage product: starch-glucose polymer
cell wall: cellulose, pectin
reproduction; asexual fission, spores, sexual
motility; mostly non-motile (except for chlorococcales), some reproductive structures are motile
the six recognized supergroups of eukarya
archaeplastida
rhizaria
chromalveolata
excavata
amoebozoa
opisthokonta
general characteristics of protists
eukaryotic
mostly heterotrophs
unicellular, colonial, multicellular
heterotrophic via endocytosis
free-living (aquatic, terrestrial), symbiotic (parasitic, mutualistic)
engulfing and digesting of microscopically visible particles
phagocytosis
engulfing and digesting of dissolved particles, “cell drinking”
pinocytosis
algal morphology; vegetative form, metabolically active invasive stage
trophozoite
algal morphology; dormant yet infectious stage; protection against adverse conditions; site for nuclear reorganization and cell division; means of transfer between hosts
cyst
algal morphology; bands of protein inside the membrane that adds rigidity to cell
pellicle
algal morphology; for phtototaxis
chloroplast
algal morphology; semisolid/ gelatinous cytoplasm that imparts rigidity to cell
ectoplasm
algal morphology; inside the ectoplasm that contains most of the organelles
endoplasm
algal morphology; nuclei; regulates somatic functions (locomotion, osmoregulation, cell regeneration, feeding) by directing protein synthesis
macronucleus
algal morphology; nuclei; functions in sexual reproduction, regeneration of macronucleus
micronucleus
algal morphology; vacuoles; sites of food digestion; fuses with lysosymes
food vacuole
algal morphology;vacuoles; for excretion, osmoregulation, and water balance
contractile vacuole
algal morphology; locomotory organelles; blunt lobe-like extensions of the cytoplasm
pseudopodia (false feet)
algal morphology;locomotory organelles; thin, long whip- like projections arising from the surface of the cell
flagella
algal morphology;locomotory organelles; shorter more numerous than flagella
cilia
algal morphology; shell composition of foraminiferans
calcium carbonate
algal morphology; shell composition of radiolarians and diatoms
silica
algal nutrition; employs phagocytosis
holozoic
algal nutrition; nutrient cross plasma membrane by pinocytosis, diffusion or carrier-mediated transport
saprozoic
algal reproduction; exchange of genetic material from one cell to another
sexual
algal reproduction; asexual; cell divides evenly to form two new cells
fission
algal reproduction; asexual; cell divides unevenly
budding
algal reproduction; asexual; nucleus of the cell divides multiple times before the rest of the cell divides
schizogony- multiple fission
algal classification; key genera- giardia, trichomonas, typanosoma, euglena; chemoorganotrophs, phototrophs, anaerobic; motile via flagella; groups- diplomonads, parabasalids, kinetoplastids, euglenids; habitat- anoxic (animal intestines for example). freshwaer
excavata
algal classification; excavata; 2 nuclei of 2 equal size, each with 4 associated flagella with mitosomes; some free- living, most commensal; can be parasitic and anaerobic
diplomonads
algal classification; excavata; diplomonads; causative agent for giardiasis
Giardia intestinalis/ Giardia lamblia
algal classification; excavata; parabasal bodies for structural support, lacks mitochondria; w hydrogenosome( site for pyruvate metabolism);anaerobic; binary fission; parasites/ commensals in intestines and urogenital tract
Parabasalids
algal classification; excavata; parabasalids; causative agent of trichomoniasis; checked via pap smear
trichomonas vaginalis
algal classification; excavata; contains kinetoplast inside mitochondrion; with single flagellum; free-living in soil or aquatic envi; primarily feed on bacteria; some are parasites in humans and vertebrate animals
kinetoplastids
algal classification; excavata; kinetoplasids; causative for african sleeping sickness; tsetse fly vector
tryponosoma brucei
algal classification; excavata; kinetoplastids; causative of leishmaniasis; sandfly vector
leishmania
algal classification; excavata; nonpathogenic; chemo and phototrophic with chloroplasts; aquatic marine and freshwater; can lose chloroplasts in darkness and exists as chemoorganotrophs; feed on bacterial cells by phagocytosis; some are symbionts
euglenids
algal classification; key genera- gonyaulaz, plasmodium, paramecium; presence of alveoli (cytoplasmic sacs located under cytoplasmic membrane that can function as armor plates (dinoflagellates) and help in maintaining influx and efflux of osmotic balance); groups - ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans
alveolata
algal classification; alveolata; posses cilia for motility; paramecium uses cilia for motility and obtaining food; 2 micro and macronuclei; some symbiotic and parasitic
ciliates
algal classification; alveolata; ciliates; causative of balantidiasis
balantidium coli
algal classification; alveolata; marine and fresh water alveolates; posses 2 flagella; some symbiotic with animals that form coral reef, some free-living can bioluminescence; some are toxic
dinoflagellates
algal classification; alveolata;dinoflagellates; example of bioluminescent species
Pyrodinium bahamense
algal classification; alveolata; dinoflagellates; causes paralytic shellfish poisoning and red tide
Gonyaulax
algal classification; alveolata; nonphototrophic obligate parasites; nonmotile adults; nutrient are taken up in soluble form across cytoplasmic membrane; produces sporozoites (functions in transmission), contains apicoplasts (degenerate chloroplasts)
apicomplexans
algal classification; alveolata;apicomplexans; causative of malaria; anopheles mosquito vector
plasmodium vivax, p. falciparum
algal classification; alveolata;apicomplexans; causative of toxoplasmosis; infection via eating raw or undercooked meat; sexual stage occurs in cat; asexual occurs in warm-blooded animals
toxoplasma condii
algal classification; key genera phyotphthera, nitzschia, ochromonas, macrocystis; chemororganotrophic and phototrophic micro-macroorganisms; flagellated with short hairlike extensions; groups- diatoms, oomycetes, golden and brown algae
stramenopiles
algal classification; stramenopiles; unicellular, phototrophic microbial eukaryotes; produce cell wall made of silica; protects against predation; varied shapes and can be highly ornate; has frustule remains after cell dies (external structure, eukaryotic fossil)
diatoms
algal classification; stramenopiles; water molds; cell wall made of cellulose; flagellated cells; plant pathogens
oomycetes
algal classification; stramenopiles; oomycetes; causative of late blight disease on potatoes
Phytophthora infestans
algal classification; stramenopiles; chrysophytes mostly unicellular and freshwater phototrophs; some chemoorganotrophs ( via phagocyt or transpot of soluble organic comps across cell membrane); motile 2 flagella; chloroplast dominated by brown colored carotenoid-fucoxanthin; ie ochromonas w 1-2 chloroplasts only
golden algae
algal classification; stramenopiles; primarily marine and multicellular; macroscopic; brown/ green depending on amount of fucoxanthin produces; i.e. macrocystis- giant kelp up to 50 m in length
brown algae
algal classification; threadlike cytoplasmic extrusions (pseudopodia); nonphotosynthetic; many produce shells or skeletons; groups- chlorarachniophyta, radiolaria, foraminifera
Rhizaria
algal classification; Rhizaria; freshwater and marin amoeba-like phototrophs; some ingests bacteria and smaller protists; develop flagellum for dispersal; chloroplasts with 4 membranes; ie chlorarachnion. lotharella, bigelowiella
chlorarachniophyta
algal classification; Rhizaria;exclusive marine amoeba-like microorganisms; form shell-like structure called tests (made of calcium carbonate) that are heavy making mcgs sink to the bottom to feed on bacteria, protsits and remains of feed on dead organisms; test is resistant to decay and are readily fossilized; can form symbiotic relationship with algae
foraminifera
algal classification; Rhizaria; chemoorganotrophic, mostly marine eukaryotes; consume bacteria and particulate organic matter; can form symbiotic relationship with algae; possess tests with radial symmetry; tests made of silica in one fused piece; needle-like pseudopodia; reproduce by fission
radiolaria
algal classification; key genera- amoeba, entamoeba, physarum, dictyostelium; terrestrial and aquatic protists; lobe-shaped pseudopodia for movement and feeding; groups; gymnamoebas;entamoebas, plasmodial and cellular slime molds
amoebozoa
algal classification; amoebozoa; free living; aquatic and soil envi; exhibit and amoeboid movement using pseudopodia; feed by phagocytosis on bacteria, protists, and particulate organic matter
gymnamoebas
algal classification; amoebozoa; parasites of vertebrates and invertebrates; oral cavity or intestinal tract of animals; exhibit amoeboid movement using pseudopodia; ie. causative of amebic dysentery- e. histolytica, only known pathogenic species
entamoebas
algal classification; amoebozoa; motile; plasmodial (vegetative forms are masses of protoplasm- physarum) & cellular slime molds (vegetative forms are single amoebae- Dictyostelium discoideum ); live on decaying plant matter- w haploid and diploid stages
slime molds
