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Immuno Year 1 > Micro Lectures 1-4 > Flashcards

Micro Lectures 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

primary mode of ATP gen for bac

A

glycolysis

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2
Q

gram stain

A

g(+) = purple - thick cell wall

g(-) = pink - thin cell wall

method:

  1. crystal violet
  2. iodine: stab violet
  3. alcohol: wash out pruple: leaves the g(-) leaving it clear
  4. safranin: pink
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3
Q

peptidoglycan

A

repetitive horizontal NAG and NAM with verticle peptide bridge help together @ 3rd peptide

  • can have pentaglycine cross bridge
    • L-ala
    • D-glu/D-gln
    • m-DAP/lys
    • D-ala
    • D-ala
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4
Q

pep-gly synth

A
  1. cytoplasmic
  • assembly of NAG and NAM and pentapeptide side chain
  • inhib:
    • fosfomycin: (-) NAM assembly
    • cycloserine: (-) L-ala (~) D-ala, inhib formation of D-ala – D-ala
  1. “flip flop”
  • bacterprenol carries across membraine
  • inhib by bacitracin
  1. extracytoplasmic
  • transpeptidation via PBP
  • inhib:
    • beta-lactam: inhib PBP enz (transpepsidase/carboxypeptidase): unable to linke NH2 (3rd) – C=O (4th)
    • vanco: bind 4th and 5th D-ala’s together to prevent removal of 5th D-ala
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5
Q

otitis media

A

common cause of middle ear infection in peds

  • strep pneumoniae

amoxicillin pen middle ear well

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6
Q

addn cell wall cmps of G(+)

A

teichoic acid

  • repeating sugar-(P)

mycolic acid

  • waxy lipid: stains with acid fast
  • mycobacterium leprae, TB
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7
Q

addn cell wall cmpts of G(-)

A

outer membrane

  • porins
  • LPS (endotoxin) –> STRONGEST assoc with sepsis

periplasmic space

  • site of beta-lactamases
  • in G(+) and G(-) but MORE for G(-)
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8
Q

LPS

A

lipid A

  • does all the toxic work: some G(-) contraindicated to tx with antibio due to this (EHEC)
  • released as by-prod of bac cell dealth

core oligosacc

  • branched polysacc essential for struc and viability

o-ag

  • long linear polysacc
  • LPS w/o this called LOS
  • antigenic and highly variable
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9
Q

gram staining for meningitis

A

fast!

  • lumbar puncture –> CSF
  • major mening
    • g(+) = s. pneumo
    • g(-) = n. meninigitis
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10
Q

structures outside bac cell wall

A
  1. glycocalyx
    • slime layer = loose = biofilm
    • capsule = antiphago
      • india ink
      • quellung rxn
  2. fimbraie/pili
    • sticky: pilin protein –> UTI (e.coli)
    • g(-)
    • conjugation
  3. flagella
    • motility
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11
Q

PM

A

lipid structure WITHOUT choles (except mycoplasma.pneumoniae)

  • bilayer
  • fx sim to euk cell wall
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12
Q

nucleiod and plasmid

A

nucleoid = one circular chr

  • NO histones! –> structure maint by polyamines
    plasma: extrachr –> toxins/ resistance to antibio
  • can be txfed via conjugation
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13
Q

ribosomes

A

70s: 30 + 50

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14
Q

endospores

A

mostly G(+)

  • bacillius, clostridium
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15
Q

what place in the body has the most bac?

A

colon: anaero or facul anaero = g(-)

  • e.coli
  • bacteriodies
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16
Q

bacterial interference

A

competitiions with normal flora and pathogens can clear foreign bac

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17
Q

what med gives high risk for c.dff?

A

clindamycin

  • STRONG antio –> kills off other bac in colon
  • allows c.diff to prolif
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18
Q

zoonotic

A

cap of infecting wide range of hosts

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19
Q

fx of virulence factors

A
  1. colonize
  2. invade
  3. evade host imm
  4. dmg

***aided by toxins

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20
Q

endotoxin fx (5)

A
  1. (+) macp –> TNF –> (+) T cells
    • inflamm
    • sequester iron
    • (+) endothelial cells –> incr vasc permeability
  2. mast cells –> histamine, proinflam med
  3. aggregate platelets
  4. PMN
  5. hypoglycemia

*** ALL G(-)

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21
Q

exotoxin

A

soluble

heat-labile

types:

  • serotoxins = neurotoxins
  • A/B: active/binding = MOST
  • multiprotein delivery system

*** highly antigenic (specific)

usualy gets from plasmid conjugation

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22
Q

septic shock

A

usually from g(-) LPS

  • called superag from g(+)
    bacteremia: bac in blood
23
Q

binary fission

A

asex: 20min

rate lim by how FAST DNA Pol works

24
Q

gene exchange

A

vert: mature –> progeny
horiz: mature –> mature

25
Q

transformation

A

uptake of naked DNA from environ –> homologous recombin

  • haemophillis
  • neisseria
26
Q

conjugation

A

controlled by fertility factors (F plasmid) with sex pili (hollow)

  • tra genes (txf genes)
  • F(+) + F(-) –> 2 F(+) cells

Hfr cells

  • high-freq recombinant: plasmid incorp into DNA
  • txf Hfr –> F(-)
    • not ALL of F(+) plasmid goes to daughter so daughter cell reminds F(-)
27
Q

transduction

A

txf bac DNA by bacteriophage (virus that takes over bac)

  • virus highjacks machinary to replication
    • SOMETIMES! there is a phage with only bac genes

lytic = default

lysogenic = latent

  • singals inside bac saying NOT ideal for replication so viral DNA gets integrated into bac chr –> prophage –> stab until ideal conditions
    • prophage can exit lysogenic phase when conditions are met and enter lytic cycle
28
Q

transposition

A

mobile gene: transposase

  • makes blunt end cuts
  • ligates IS10 to target 5’ ssDNA
  • cell DNA Pol extends 3’ cut ends and ligase joins to IS10 5’ ends
29
Q

mech of antibio resistance

A
  1. intrinsic
    • lacks target mol
    • mycoplasma = NO pepgly –> resist beta-lac
  2. chr-med
    • mut of genes for PBP usu via vertical txf
  3. plasmid-med
    • R-plasmid for ab resistance
30
Q

when is a good time to get sample for disease

A

during fever spike

31
Q

ziehl-neelson

A

acid-fast: mycobacterium

32
Q
A

MacConkey Agar: lactose fermenting

33
Q
A

EMB - metallic green for e.coli

34
Q

TSBC:

A

TSBC:

  • vibrio ferments sucrose –> orange
35
Q

microaerophillic

A

grow in o2 with a bit of co2

  • spirocetes: campylobac, h.pylori
36
Q

ab susceptibility testing

A

after patho cultured, its sens to SPECIFIC AB serves as guide in choosing antimicro tx

37
Q

bacteriostatic v bacteriocidal

A

static: “stalls” to allow immune def sys to eradicate bac “naturally”
* ingrain into memory
cidal: kill

38
Q

meds used to tx

A
39
Q

cell wall inhib

A

beta-lactam: disrupt pepgly layer by (-) txpeptidase

  • pcn: most = G(+)
  • cephalosporin
  • monobactam: g(-)
  • carbapenems: broad

thiazolidine ring

  • (-) by beta-lactamases (penicillinase)
40
Q

clavulanic acid

A

INHIB beta-lactamase –> allows beta-lactams drugs to work

41
Q

classification of pcns

A

natural

  • G (benzyl)
  • V - stable

beta-lactamase-resistant

  • dicloxacillin: anti-beta-lactamase
  • methicillin

aminopcn

  • amoxicillin: peds - stable, fast absorption
  • ampicilin

acyl ureidopcns

  • piperacillin
42
Q

pcn tox

A

among safest: tox from collateral loss of beneficial bac

  • some allergy
  • cephalosporin has same core ring as pcn
43
Q

beta-lactamase inhib

A

combo uses: enhace activity of beta-lactams

  • augmentin: clavulanic acid + amoxicillin
  • unasyn: sulbactam + ampicillin
  • zosyn: tazobactam + piperacllin

suicide inhib

44
Q

cephalosporins

A

SAME ring shape as pcn

generations:

  1. G(+)
  2. G(-) > G(+)
  3. G(-) >> G(+):
    • good penetration into CSF = drug of choice for meningitis
    • ceftazidime
    • ceftriaxone
  4. wide spectrum: effective aga pseudomonas, most resistant to beta-lactamase
  5. MRSA active
45
Q

tetracycline

A

4 benzene ring core

bacteriostatic

  • reversiblity binds 30s: blocks tRNA into acceptor site –> prevent protein chain elong

doxycycline (2nd gen)

  • also (-) mito ribosomes –> (-) plasmodium (malaria parasite)
46
Q

tetracycline tox (7)

A
  1. celate to Ca2+:
  • dark staining teeth
  • not for preggs, kids
  1. hepatotox in preg
  2. NEED empty stomach
    * inpaired absorption in combo with di/tri valent cations
  3. azotemia: abnorm high N-containg cmpds in blood
  4. fanconi syndrome: prob in prox renal tube absorption
    * doxycycline better for renal pts
  5. vertigo (minocycline)
  6. photosens
47
Q

macrolides

A

binds 50s ribosome and dissociated peptidyl-tRNA: inhib RNA-dep protein synth @ chain elong

  • prevents ribo mvmt

ex:

  • erythromycin
  • azithromycin (z-pack)
  • clarithrimycin (“clear” - h.pylori)
48
Q

fluroquinolones

A

blocks DNA gyrase (top II) and top IV: prevents un-supercoiling

  • can also restore negative supercoiled config of bac chr during and ofllowing DNA replication

ex:

  • FLoxacin:
    • cipro
    • levo
    • nor
    • o
  • nalidixic acid

***1st line tx for UTIs

49
Q

quinolone tox (6)

A
  1. dmg growing cartilage
    • c/i in pts < 18 and pregs
  2. tendon rupture (achilles)
  3. oral absorption imapred by di/tri-valent cations
  4. GI
  5. gonorhhea, chlamydia = higly resistant
  6. photosens
50
Q

superag

A

simul binds MHC II and T cells

(+) LOTS of T cells

incr secr of proinflamm cytokines: TNF-alpha, IL-1

51
Q
A

mannitol salt agar

52
Q

hemolytic patterns on blood agar

A
53
Q

PYR test

A

ab of s.pyogenes to enq hydrolyze L-pyrrolidonyl-beta-naphthylamide

  • diff from other group A strep

Immuno Year 1 (4 decks)

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