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Micro Lab Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Culture media

A

provide the necessary nutrients and conditions to support the growth and proliferation of microorganisms

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2
Q

Complex media

A

these media provide a broad range of nutrients and support the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, including those with complex nutritional requirements
- multiple ingredients
- wide range

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3
Q

Defined media

A

useful when studying the specific nutritional requirements or metabolic pathways of microorganisms

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4
Q

broth

A

liquid
- does not contain agar

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5
Q

solid medium

A

agar (solidified)

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6
Q

plates

A

When media is allowed to
solidify in Petri dishes

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7
Q

deep

A

When media is allowed to solidify in test tubes in a fully upright position
- used for anaerobic (without oxygen) growth

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8
Q

slant

A

when media is allowed to solidify in test tubes at an angle

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9
Q

Broths

A

liquid media that provide a
homogeneous growth environment, allowing microorganisms to grow and multiply in suspension
- large number of cells
- facilitate the production of microbial
metabolites

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10
Q

Sterilization

A

the process of killing or removal of all viable microorganisms

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11
Q

Autoclaving

A

high-pressure steam in a sealed device called an autoclave to achieve sterilization
- effective in killing both vegetative
cells and endospores (which are highly heat-resistant) of microorganisms
- 121°C at 15 pounds per square inch (psi) for 15 minutes – 1 hour (depending on what and how much is being sterilized)

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12
Q

Dry heat sterilization

A

flaming
- kills by oxidation effects

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13
Q

Filtration

A

passing a liquid or gas through a filter with pore sizes too small for the passage of microbes, but large enough to allow passage of the liquid or
gas
- sterilizing heat-sensitive solutions or for removing microbes from the air in laminar flow hoods.

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14
Q

Cold-sterilization

A

no heat
- Certain gases, such as ethylene oxide, can be used to sterilize heat-sensitive or moisture-sensitive materials
- referred to as gas chemosterilizers

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15
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation

A

microwaves
- Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes damage to the DNA (e.g. thymine dimers) leading to the death of exposed organisms
- Ionizing radiation causes ions and other reactive molecules to be produced and these reactive molecules can degrade or alter biopolymers such as DNA and proteins

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16
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

one of the first people to observe
microorganisms
- ended the thinking that
matter could arise spontaneously from non-living matter (the theory of spontaneous generation)

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17
Q

Spallanzani

A

discovered that broth infusions remained uncontaminated with
microorganisms if they were first boiled

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18
Q

Robert Koch

A

established that microbes could cause disease
- He found that blood samples
of anthrax infected cattle always contained large numbers of Bacillus anthracis

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19
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

link between the presence of a specific bacterial species and specific disease symptoms

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20
Q

the germ theory of disease

A

microbes were recognized as the causative agents of some human diseases

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21
Q

Pure cultures

A

only one species of microorganism and are needed to characterize and identify microbes

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22
Q

pathogenic

A

the minority of microbes, disease-causing for humans
- The majority of microorganisms are nonpathogenic

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23
Q

Nomenclature

A

system of naming microorganisms

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24
Q

Binomial Name

A

genus is capitalized, species is lower case, entire name is italicized

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25
normal microbiota, normal flora
microorganisms that are more or less permanent residents of our body for the duration of our lifetime
26
transient microbiota, transient flora
Organisms which may be present on the body temporarily, but do not establish themselves as permanent residents
27
Ignaz Semmelweis
made the rule of washing hands to lower infection rate in patients from medical students not washing hands
28
Joseph Lister
focused on infections that followed compound fractures - a fracture resulting in a break in the skin and bone exposure
29
Accuracy
measures how close results are to the true or known value
30
Precision
measures how close the results are to one another
31
ocular lens
the lens that is closest to the eye when someone looks through an optical device to observe an object or sample
32
ocular lens magnification
10x
33
What are the 4 objective lenses that are on the microscope?
Scanning (4x), Low (10x), High (40x), and Oil Immersion (100x)
34
COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
A rapid control which allows for quick focusing by moving the objective lens or stage up and down
35
FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
A slow but precise control used to fine focus the image when viewing at the higher magnifications
36
Total magnification
the product of the objective and ocular lenses
37
Compound light microscopes
limited by their resolving power
38
compound light microscope resolution of
0.2 µm
39
Refractive indexes
determines the speed by which light travels through a medium
40
Which material have similar refractive indexes?
cooking oil and typical glass
41
Oil immersion
should only be used with the 100x objective lens
42
mixed population
two or more organisms
43
minority of microbes
pathogens
44
majority of microbes
bacteria or viruses
45
Nosocomial Infections
hospital acquired infections
46
Anionic surfactants
Hydrophilic End: dissolves in water Hydrophobic End: dissolves nonpolar molecules – dirt and oil
47
Emulsification
assists with removal of insoluble matter with water
48
The 5 I’s for Culturing bacteria in lab are
Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection (Observation), and Identification
49
Subculturing
transferring a single colony to a new plate
50
Colony Morphology
shape, texture, margin, elevation, pigment
51
For colony size
1cm = 10mm
52
Stains are chromophores
charged ions
53
Negative Stain
acidic, indirect does not require heat fixing
54
Simple Stain
basic, direct does require heat fixing
55
Gram-positive bacteria
thick, retains primary stain
56
Gram-negative bacteria
thin, Primary stain will be washed away during decolorizing step Retains counterstain
57
Eukaryotic flagellum
made of microtubules; driven by dynein motor proteins
58
Prokaryotic flagellum
made of filament, hook, basal body/motor
59
Spread Plating
countable between 30-300
60
Spot Plating
countable 5-25

Micro Exams (4 decks)

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