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Micro Exams > Final Exam Micro > Flashcards

Final Exam Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Archaeal Viruses

A

two categories:
1. Morphologically and genetically unique to Archaea
2. Clear structural and genetic homologs to both bacteriophage and eukaryotic viruses

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2
Q

Techniques in Cultivating
and Identifying Animal
Viruses

A

Viruses require living cells as their “medium”
* In vivo: laboratory-bred animals and embryonic bird tissues
* In vitro: cell or tissue culture methods

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3
Q

Animal Viruses

A
  1. Isolate and identify
  2. Prepare viruses for vaccines
  3. Do detailed research
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4
Q

Using Bird Embryos: in vivo still

A
  1. Intact and self-supporting unit
  2. Sterile environment
  3. Contain their own nourishment
    Most common: Chicken, duck, and
    turkey eggs
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5
Q

Using Cell (Tissue) Culture Techniques: in vitro

A

Cell culture, or tissue culture:
1. Grown in sterile chambers with special media that contain the correct
nutrients for cells to survive
2. Cells form a monolayer, or single, confluent sheet of cells that supports
viral multiplication
3. Allows for the close inspection of culture for signs of infection

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6
Q

Detection of Viral
Growth in Culture

A

Observation of degeneration and lysis of infected cells
- Plaques: areas where virus-infected
cells have been destroyed show up as
clear, well-defined patches in the cell
sheet (absence of growth) (transparent)

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7
Q

Plaques

A

this same technique is used to detect and count bacteriophages
- when host cell is lysed that is what make the plaque

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8
Q

Prions – “proteinaceous infectious particle”

A

Misfolded proteins → transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein
- no nucleic acid, just protein

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9
Q

Prions

A

Class of infectious diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)

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10
Q

Human diseases

A
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
  • Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
    (vCJD)
  • Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker
    Syndrome
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11
Q

Animal diseases

A
  • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
  • Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
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12
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Disease (CJD) - Classical

A
  • Neurodegenerative disorder → rapidly progressive → 100% mortality rate
  • occurs sporadically
  • Inherited forms include: Gerstmann-Straussler- Scheinker syndrome and fatal familial insomnia
  • not related to “mad cow”
  • long incubation period
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13
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Disease (CJD) - Classical

A

Kuru - likely related
- papua new guinea
- Result of ritualistic cannibalism
- spread the disease through cannibalism

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14
Q

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

A

“mad cow”
- occurred in the 1970s (identified in 1986)
- caused by spontaneously occurring
case of BSE or scrapie-infected sheep products
- grounded up meat and bone from grain might have contained prions from that disease

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15
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) - Variant

A
  • 1996
  • Strong evidence that agent responsible for vCJD in humans is the same agent responsible for BSE in cows
  • unique genetic profile of the prion
  • genetic profile allows separation from BSE
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16
Q

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)

A

Canada, United States, Norway, Finland, Sweden, and South
Korea
- does not appear to naturally infect cattle

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17
Q

Subviral particles

A

smaller than the virus

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18
Q

Satellite virus

A

Encode their own capsid protein

19
Q

Satellite Nucleic Acid

A

No capsid protein

20
Q

Satellites: Viruses & Nucleic Acids

A

Dependent on other viruses for replication

21
Q

Hepatitis D:

A

the worst
- messes up liver
- highest fatality
- satellite virus: requires hepatitis B

22
Q

hepatitis B virus

A

has a vaccine, D is dependent on B

23
Q

Viroids

A

Composed of naked strands of RNA, lacking a capsid or any other type of coating
- infect crops
- parasitize plants

24
Q

virus

A

treatment is difficult
- because they remain infectious for a long period outside of body
- kill virus, kill host cell too

25
Q

Treatment of Animal Viral Infections

A

antivirals
- target one of the steps in the viral life cycle
- Easier to develop vaccines to prevent viral diseases

26
Q

Rhinovirus “Of the Nose”: common cold

A

Most common viral infectious agent in humans
- major cause of common cold
- Most affected: infants, elderly, immunocompromised
- No vaccines

27
Q

Human Papillomavirus - HPV

A

Commonly infects skin and mucous membranes - warts
- Most common sexually transmitted infection in the US
- Can also spread from mother to baby (pregnancy)

28
Q

vaccine of HPV

A

Gardasil-9 (9vHPV
HPV16 and HPV18 focus on
- cause majority of cervical cancers

29
Q

HPV16

A

is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers

30
Q

Varicella zoster virus
(Chickenpox and Shingles)

A

highly contagious
- latent (permanent) infection in nerve cells
- reactivates as shingles
- vaccine available (1995)

31
Q

Chickenpox and Shingles causative

A

Varicella zoster virus

32
Q

Shingles

A

After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus stays dormant (inactive) in their body. The virus can reactivate later, causing shingles
- painful rash
- contagious
- 10-18% will experience postherpetic neuralgia

33
Q

Poliomyelitis (Polio)

A

Caused by poliovirus
- not have visible symptoms
- Small portion will develop severe symptoms → meningitis and/or
paralysis
- Paralysis is the most severe symptom → 2-10% will die → virus affects the muscles that help them breathe
- Lives in the throat and intestines
- no cure

34
Q

Polio vaccine

A

Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) given as an injection in the leg or arm
(99% effective in children) (USA)

Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) (drops in mouth) is still used throughout much of the world

35
Q

Variola virus (Smallpox)

A
  • Only in humans
  • caused by variola virus
  • very contagious
  • first sores appeared in mouth and throat
  • Distinctive fever & progressive skin rash
  • 30% mortality rate
  • permanent scars
36
Q

Smallpox

A
  • vaccination success
  • Last natural outbreak of smallpox in the US occurred in 1949
  • World Health Assembly declared smallpox eradicated in 1980
  • agent of bioterrorism
37
Q

Rabies (causative)

A

Rabies lyssavirus

38
Q

Rabies

A
  • Varied incubation period
  • Direct contact
  • Hydrophobia: swallowing triggers uncontrollable spasms of the throat
    muscles when victims try to drink
39
Q

Flu

A

Influenza

40
Q

flu

A
  • Higher risk: young, elderly, immunocompromised, certain health conditions
  • Complications: pneumonia, ear infection, sinus infection, worsening of chronic medical conditions
    (asthma, diabetes, congestive heart failure)
41
Q

help with it

A

Tamiflu (Oseltamivir)
* Neuraminidase inhibitor
- Yearly
- quadrivalent

42
Q

Ebola Virus Disease

A

Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus) (most devastating)
- Hemorrhagic virus
- bats and body fluids

43
Q
A

Micro Exams (4 decks)

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