Micro/Immuno Final Flashcards
RATs & Noble Diseases
WK8: Which of the following are not considered living?
A. bacteria
B. viruses
C. protozoa
D. prions
B. Viruses
D. Prions
WK8: Which group is considered as prokaryotes?
A. viruses
B. protozoa
C. bacteria
D. fungi
C. Bacteria
WK8: The entire protein coat of a virus is called a A. envelope B. sheath C. capsid D. capsomere
C. Capsid
WK8: These eukaryotic parasites have complex life cycles in multiple hosts, but their adult stages are often macroscopic:
A. Helminths
B. Bacteria
C. Fungi
D. Protozoa
A. Helminths
WK8: In which group of organisms would you find hyphae?
A. Fungi
B. Viruses
C. Bacteria
D. Helminths
A. Fungi
WK8: Which statement below is FALSE about viruses?
A. The cannot metabolize nutrients and make ATP
B. They contain both DNA and RNA
C. They are not composed cells
D. They are all obligate intracellular parasites
B. They contain both DNA and RNA
WK8: Which of the following can serve as the nucleic acid core of a virus?
A. dsDNA
B. +ssRNA
C. -ssRNA
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
WK8: In the ______ phase, viruses can go dormant, and remain so for long periods of
time.
A. lytic
B. lysogenic
C. plaque
D. eclipse
B. Lysogenic
WK8: Which viral structure is involved in attachment to host cell receptors?
A. capsid
B. viral sheath
C. nucleic acid core
D. viral spikes
D. Viral spikes
WK8: Which of the following nucleic acids can directly serve as the mRNA?
A. +ssRNA
B. dsDNA
C. -ssRNA
D. None of the above
A. +ssRNA
WK8: Bacteria have a cell wall made of __________ while the complementary structure in fungi is composed of strands of _________.
A. Protein; lipopolysaccharide
B. Peptidoglycan; chitin
C. Hyphae; muerin
D. Chitin; peptidoglycan
B. Peptidoglycan; chitin
WK8: How are the major groups of protozoa classified?
A. By their shape
B. Whether they are DNA or RNA
C. By their complex life cycles
D. By their mode of motility
D. By their mode of motility
explanation:
Bacteria - by shape
Virus- DNA or RNA
Helminths - complex life-cycles
WK9: Which bacterial structure physically determines the shape of a bacterium?
A. Cell membrane
B. Capsule
C. Plasmid
D. Cell wall
D. Cell Wall
WK9: Besides the chromosome, what other structure in a bacterial cell has DNA?
A. Cell membrane
B. Ribosome
C. Cell wall
D. Plasmid
D. Plasmid
Wk9: This organism is part of the normal flora of the colon, but is the #1 cause of “Traveler’s diarrhea.” Most strains are non-pathogenic, but some strains which have acquired genes for a toxin and an invasion are very lethal for seniors and children.
A. Salmonella typhi
B. Escherichia coli
C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
D. Shigella dysenteriae
B. Escherichia coli
WK9: This substance gives the acid-fast bacterial cell wall its waxy properties and the organism’s’ resistance to many disinfectant and antibiotics.
A. Mycolic acid
B. Teichoic acid
C. Peptidoglycan
D. Calcium dipicolinate
A. Mycolic acid
WK9: This organism is the care of “The Black Death.” It is spread by fleas and has been responsible for many plagues in world history killing 25-30% of those infected.
A. Vibrio cholerae
B. Bacteroides fragilis
C. Yersinia pestis
D. Salmonella typhimurium
C. Yersinia pestis
WK9: This group of bacteria are all obligate intracellular parasites because they cannot synthesize their own ATP.
A. Mycobacteria
B. Chlamydia
C. Rickettsia
D. Spirochetes
B. Chlamydia
WK9: Which bacterial structure is more complicated than those found in some eukaryotes?
A. Cell wall
B. Flagella
C. Cell membrane
D. Chromosome
A. Cell Wall
WK9: Besides transport functions, the bacterial plasma membrane serves:
A. As an anchor for ribosomes like the rough ER.
B. As the site of the electron transport system and ATP synthesis
C. In the formation of endospores
D. Location for lipopolysaccharide toxin
B. As the site of the electron transport system and ATP synthesis
WK9: This group of pleomorphic bacteria are mostly parasites because they do not have a cell wall.
A. Spirochetes
B. Mycoplasma
C. Chlamydia
D. Mycobacteria
B. Mycoplasma
WK9: Which group of bacteria release a lipid toxin as they die?
A. Gram positive
B. Mycobacteria
C. Gram negative
D. Spirochetes
C. Gram negative
WK9: Which bacterial structure physically determines the shape of a bacterium?
A. cell membrane
B. capsule
C. plasmids
D. cell wall
✓D. cell wall
WK10: Which of these characteristics would be the most pathogenic ?
A. alpha-hemolytic
B. beta-hemolytic
C. gamma-hemolytic
D. all would be equal
B. beta-hemolytic
WK10: Which phase of the growth curve are the number of bacteria dividing equal to the number that are
dying?
A. logarithmic death
B. exponential growth
C. lag
D. stationary
D. stationary
WK10: Which of these groups does NOT Gram stain?
A. Streptococcus
B. Mycobacteria
C. Salmonella
D. Neisseria
B. Mycobacteria
WK10: The Family of Gram negative enteric bacteria are split into 2 large groups based upon:
A. the production of H2S
B. the production of catalase
C. the fermentation of lactose
D. the production of indole
C. the fermentation of lactose
WK10: You put some 3% peroxide on a colony on a plate and bubbles are produced. What does this test
show?
A. the organism is coagulase +
B. the organism is beta hemolytic
C. the organism is catalase +
D. the organism is oxidase +
C. the organism is catalase +
WK10: IF an organism is oxidase +, it indicates that it must be:
A. a strict aerobe
B. an anaerobe
C. Gram + coccus
D. a facultative anaerobe
A. a strict aerobe
WK10: This Gram negative rod is found in the upper respiratory system and can cause ear aches, throat
infections, and meningitis in young children.
A, Neisseria meningitidis
B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
C. Hemophilus influenzae
D. Bordetella pertussis
C. Hemophilus influenzae
WK10: Most (99%) of bacterial human pathogens are:
A. neutrophiles and thermophiles
B. capnophiles and mesophiles
C. basophiles and halophiles
D. mesophiles and neutrophiles
D. mesophiles and neutrophiles
WK10: Which of these bacteria can grow either with or without O2?
A. facultative anaerobes
B. anaerobes
C. aerobes
D. microaerophiles
A. facultative anaerobes
This Gram negative, highly motile rod is very problematic for wound and burn patients.
A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
B. Fransciella tularensis
C. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
D. Brucella abortus
A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
WK11: Transduction in bacteria requires:
A. cell to cell contact.
B. a bacteriophage for transfer of genes.
C. a sex pilus.
D. single stranded DNA.
B. a bacteriophage for transfer of genes.
WK11: What prevents a bacterial gene from being incorporated into many other
bacterial species. (i.e. Why can’t an E. coli gene be transferred to
a Staphylococcus?)
A. restriction endonucleases
B. It doesn’t have the correct DNA polymerase.
C. The promotor regions are different.
D. The insertion elements are different.
A. restriction endonucleases
WK11: This anaerobic, spore-forming, Gram positive rod looks like a tennis racket when it
sporulates. It causes a disease preventable with a DTaP vaccination.
A. Clostridium diphtheriae
B. Clostridium botulinum
C. Listeria monocytogenes
D. Clostridium tetani
D. Clostridium tetani
WK11: Most bacteria have \_\_\_\_ chromosome(s) and the bacterial chromosome is \_\_\_\_\_. A. several, linear B. one, linear C. one, circular D. one, linear
C. one, circular
WK11: Mutations in bacteria can be caused by : A. insertion of bases B. deletion of bases C. substitutions of bases D. All of the above
D. All of the above
WK11: The anticodon is found on which nucleotide?
A. tRNA
B. mRNA
C. DNA
D. rRNA
A. tRNA
WK11: The bacterial structure, a sex pilus is used for:
A. transformation
B. transduction
C. enhance islands of pathogenicity.
D. bacterial conjugation
D. bacterial conjugation
WK11: A repressor protein for a specific metabolic pathway binds to what structure on
an operon to shut down the transcription of those genes?
A. a promotor
B. a regulatory gene
C. an operator
D. the leader sequence
C. an operator
WK11: Small extrachromosomal pieces of DNA found only in bacteria are called:
A. genes
B. plasmids
C. transposons
D. phages
B. plasmids
WK11: Spores of this aerobic, beta-hemolytic, Gram positive rod was mailed to several
Congressional offices in 2001. Though usually a disease of livestock, it can also
infect humans, both cutaneously as well as via an aerosol.
A. Bacillus anthracis
B. Norcardia asyeroides
C. Clostridium perfringins
D. Lactobacillus acidophilus
A. Bacillus anthracis
WK12: The host range of a virus is directly determined by:
A. the virulence of the virus.
B. the capsid or viral membrane ligands, and the host cell’s receptors.
C. whether it’s a DNA or RNA virus.
D. the route of infection.
B. the capsid or viral membrane ligands, and the host cell’s receptors.
WK12: Which of these statements about toxins is FALSE?
A. virulence factors can be regulated by pH, temperature, and the availability of iron.
B. many virulence factors are carried on plasmids or by bacteriophages.
C. LPS is less toxic than most exotoxins.
D. most exotoxins are heat stable.
D. most exotoxins are heat stable.
WK12: This acid-fast rod grows very slowly and therefore treatment for a respiratory
infection may require weeks of antibiotic therapy.
A. Bacillus anthracis
B. Mycobacteria tuberculosis
C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
D. Mycobacteria leprae
B. Mycobacteria tuberculosis
WK12: Which of these is mismatched?
A. leukocidin - kills white blood cells
B. coagulase - stimulates the prothrombin cascade.
C. streptokinase - lyses red blood cells.
D. collagenase - degrades collagen.
C. streptokinase - lyses red blood cells.
WK12: Which of these is involved in a latent viral infection? A. measles B. influenza C. chickenpox D. mumps
C. chickenpox
WK12: This alpha-hemolytic, catalase –, Gram + coccus is involved in endocarditis
and neonatal infections. Cellular morphology includes both chain and pairs.
A. Streptococcus viridans
B. Staphylococcus aureus
C. Enterococcus faecalis
D. Staphylococcus epidermidis
A. Streptococcus viridans
Wk12: The 2nd event in a disease process that occurs immediately after a pathogen has
gained entry to the body is:
A. production of exotoxins.
B. release LPS.
C. binding and adherence to specific host cells.
D. production of extracellular enzymes.
C. binding and adherence to specific host cells.
WK12: Koch’s Postulates are difficult to use to prove etiology if:
A. the organism cannot be grown
B. there is no good animal model.
C. multiple organisms are required to cause the disease.
D. all of the above are true.
D. all of the above are true.
WK12: Which of these pays a critical role in viral disease recovery?
A. interferon
B. antibiotic therapy.
C. administration of anti-toxin antibodies.
D. activation of complement proteins in the blood.
A. interferon
WK12: Which of these can cause intravascular coagulation:
A. LPS (endotoxin)
B. streptokinase
C. tetanospasmin
D. cholera toxin
A. LPS (endotoxin)
WK12: Pathogenicity islands in bacteria refer to
A. clusters of antigens on the bacterial outer membrane.
B. organized clusters of genes that express multiple virulence factors.
C. specialized ribosomes that synthesize bacterial toxins.
D. genes that have undergone mutation to confer multiple drug resistance.
B. organized clusters of genes that express multiple virulence factors.
WK14: The mode of action (mechanism) of tetracyclines is to:
A. Binds to the mRNA downstream so that the ribosome cannot advance
B. Binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit to prevent incoming tRNA from attaching
C. Prevents the peptide cross-linking event that occurs in the 50S subunit
D. Binds to mRNA to prevent proper codon matching
B. Binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit to prevent incoming tRNA from attaching
WK14: This family of antibiotics binds to bacteria DNA gyrase and prevents its unwinding; thus preventing DNA replication.
A. Penicillins
B. Sulfonamides
C. Aminoglycosides
D. Quinolones
D. Quinolones
WK14: This atypical bacteria causes the most prevalent STI (STD) in the US. It can also cause blindness if introduced into the conjunctiva.
A. Mycoplasma genitalium
B. Rickettsia rickettsii
C. Chlamydia trachomatis
D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
C. Chlamydia trachomatis
WK14: Many bacteria (Staphylococci sp., and N. gonorrhoeae) are resistant to penicillin because they:
A. Produce extracellular enzymes, beta-lactamases, that destroy the antibiotic
B. Secrete PBPs to absorb the antibiotic
C. Have developed alternate pathways for cell wall cross-linking
D. Altered their target 70S ribosomal proteins
A. Produce extracellular enzymes, beta-lactamases, that destroy the antibiotic
WK14: This anti-fungal drug prevents DNA synthesis and is commonly give to HIV+ patients to prevent the respiratory disease pneumocystis.
A. Pentamidine
B. Griseofulvin
C. Nystatin
D. Chloramphenicol
A. Pentamidine
WK14: Beta-lactams, cephalosporins, and vancomycin work by:
A. Inhibiting protein synthesis by 70S ribosomes
B. Inhibiting DNA synthesis by binding to DNA gyrase
C. Inhibiting cell wall synthesis by binding to transpeptidases
D. Disrupt cell membrane function and ATP synthesis
C. Inhibiting cell wall synthesis by binding to transpeptidases
WK14: This group of antiviral drugs prevents viral nucleic acid from binding to host DNA.
A. Integrase inhibitors
B. Protease inhibitors
C. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
D. Nucleic acid analogs
A. Integrase inhibitors
WK14: Introduction of drug resistance in bacterial pathogens can occur due to”
A. Genetic mutations
B. DNA acquired via transformation, conjugation, and transduction
C. The development of drug efflux pumps
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
WK14: Which of these would NOT be a reason (situation) for chemoprophylaxis?
A. A person exposed to a specific pathogen
B. A newborn infant
C. Patients with medical conditions that increases their susceptibility to certain systemic diseases
D. A patient getting ready to undergo a long, invasive surgical procedure
B. A newborn infant
WK14: This spirochete causes the #1 arthropod borne disease in the USA. The natural reservoir of the organism is white tailed deer and mice in the forests of New England and Wisconsin.
A. Treponema pallidum
B. Leptospira interrogans
C. Borrelia burgdorferi
D. Helicobacter pylori
C. Borrelia burgdorferi
Gram Negative Rods (bacillus)/Facultative Anaerobes: Found in colon; sometimes causes enteric infections; “traveler’s diarrhea”
Escherichia coli
Gram Negative Rods (bacillus)/Facultative Anaerobes: causes typhoid fever - only found in humans
Salmonella typhi
Gram Negative Rods (bacillus)/Facultative Anaerobes: Found in the mouth, causes pneumonia like disease; opportunistic pathogen
Klebsiella pneumonia
Gram Negative Rods (bacillus)/Facultative Anaerobes: Causes food-borne gastroenteritis
Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium
Gram Negative Rods (bacillus)/Facultative Anaerobes: Causes bacillary dysentery
Shigella dysenteriae
Gram Negative Rods (bacillus)/Facultative Anaerobes: Lactose non-fermenter, opportunistic pathogen. UTIs
Proteus micrabilis and P. vulgaris
Gram Negative Rods (bacillus)/Facultative Anaerobes: Lactose fermenter, opportunistic pathogen. UTIs, wound infections
Enterobacter aerogenes
Gram Negative Rods/Facultative Anaerobes: Causes cholera, curved rod, polar flagella
Vibrio cholerae
Gram Negative Rods/Facultative Anaerobes: Causes bubonic plague (black death)
Ysernia pestis
Gram Negative Rods/Facultative Anaerobes: Anaerobe in the large intestines. Part of the normal flora. Opportunistic pathogen after trauma or surgery
Bacteroides fragilis
Gram Negative/ Pseudomonads/Rods (Strict Aerobes): Opportunistic pathogen, motile, problem especially for burn and wound patients
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram Negative/ Pseudomonads/Rods (Strict Aerobes): Source of nosicomial infections of immunocompromised patients. Becoming antibiotic resistant.
Acinetobacteria baumannii
Gram Negative/Coccobacillus: Causes the STI chancroid
Hemophilus ducreyi
Gram Negative/Coccobacillus: found in upper respiratory tract, can cause influenza like disease and meningitis in children.
Hemophilus influenzae
Gram Negative/Coccobacillus: Aerobic rod that cause whooping cough; lower respiratory tract infections
Bordetella pertussis
Gram Negative/Coccobacillus: Causes brucellosis - a zoonotic disease of cattle, sheep, and pigs and fetal abortion
Brucella abortus
Gram Negative/Coccobacillus: Aerobic rod that causes tuleremia (rabbit fever); also found in squirrels
Francisella tularensis
Gram Negative Cocci/Strict Aerobes: Causes gonorrhea - a STD which produces an urethritis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram Negative Cocci/Strict Aerobes: Found in the throat; causes bacterial meningitis in adolescent and young adults
Neiserria meningitidis
Gram Positive Rods/Strict aerobes: A spore formers, causes anthrax, a zoonotic disease of domestic livestock produces hemolysin
Bacillus anthracis
Gram Positive Rods/Bacillus spore formers: Fungus-like - facultative anaerobes but prefer anaerobic. Opportunistic pathogens in wounds and immunocompromised patients.
Actinomyces
Gram Positive Rods/Clostridium Spore Formers/Anaerobes: Found in soil and cause tetanus. “Tennis racket cells with spores”
Clostridium tetani
Gram Positive Rods/Clostridium Spore Formers/Anaerobes: Found in the soil and causes botulism a food borne disease by producing a potent toxin
Clostridium botulinum
Gram Positive Rods/Clostridium Spore Formers/Anaerobes: Causes gas gangrene sometimes in mixed infections
Clostridium perfringins
Gram Positive Rods/Clostridium Spore Formers/Anaerobes: Causes a diarrheal disease and colitis
Clostridium difficile
Miscellaneous Gram Positive Rods/ Non-spore Formers/Facultative anaerobes: Common skin flora and predominant organism in the vagina
Lactobacillus
Miscellaneous Gram Positive Rods/ Non-spore Formers/Facultative anaerobes: Causes diphtheria (throat infection) in children; pleomorphic rod; toxin
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Miscellaneous Gram Positive Rods/ Non-spore Formers/Facultative anaerobes: Food-borne pathogen that can grow at )*C. Pregnant women and infants most at risk.
Listeria monocytogenes
Miscellaneous Gram Positive Rods/ Non-spore Formers/Facultative anaerobes: branched rods. Respiratory opportunistic pathogens in young children, seniors, and immunocompromised patients
Nocardia asteriodes
Gram Positive Cocci/Staphylococcus and Streptococcus/Facultative anaerobes: Causes boils, pimples, and also Scarlet Fever and Puerperal fever. “Beta-hemolytic”
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram Positive Cocci/Staphylococcus and Streptococcus/Facultative anaerobes: Diplococcus (pairs); causes bacterial pneumonia “Beta-hemolytic”
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram Positive Cocci/Staphylococcus and Streptococcus/Facultative anaerobes: Pairs & chains; Guillan-Barre Syndrome (GBS) in pregnant women and newborns “Beta-hemolytic”
Streptococcus agalactiae
Gram Positive Cocci/Staphylococcus and Streptococcus/Facultative anaerobes: Present in human feces. GI infections and UTIs
Enterococcus faecalis
Gram Positive Cocci/Staphylococcus and Streptococcus/Facultative anaerobes: Found on the skin and in nasal passages; causes wound infections and food poisoning
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram Positive Cocci/Staphylococcus and Streptococcus/Facultative anaerobes: Found on the skin and can cause pimples and boils “Alpha-hemolytic”
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Gram Positive Cocci/Staphylococcus and Streptococcus/Facultative anaerobes: 2nd most common cause of UTIs in women. coagulase; novobiocin resistant
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Acid-Fast Rods/Mycobacteria/Aerobes: Causes the chronic disease leprosy, very slow growing; 30 hours. Long treatment required
Mycobacterium leprae
Acid-Fast Rods/Mycobacteria/Aerobes: Causes respiratory disease tuberculosis (TB); very slow growing 18 hours. Long treatment required
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Spiral shaped/Spirillum: Microaerophilic spiral shaped (spirillum) that causes peptic ulcers; has a potent urease; can grow in the mucus lining the stomach interior
Helicobacter pylori
Spirochetes: Causes syphilis, only found in humans, microaerophilic; cant by easily cultivated
Treponema pallidum
Spirochetes: Causes peridontal disease, anaerobe
Treponema denticola
Spirochetes: Causes Lyme disease, a zoonotic disease of mice and deer, facultative anaerobe
Borrelia burgdorferi
Spirochetes: Causes relapsing fever
Borreli recurrensis and hermsii
Spirochetes: Environmental (water) spirochete causes leptospirosis, a kidney disease, aerobe
Leptospira interrogans
Atypical Bacteria/No cell wall: Cause an atypical (“walking”) pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Atypical Bacteria/No cell wall: Causes non-gonococcal urethritis, an STI, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Mycoplasma genitavium and ureaplasma urealyticum
Obligate Intracellular Parasites: Causes endemic typhus; spread by body lice
Rickettsia prowazekii
Obligate Intracellular Parasites: Causes Rocky Mountain Spotted fever; spread by ticks
Rickettsia rickettsii
Obligate Intracellular Parasites: Most prevalent bacterial STD, causes non-gonococcal urethritis cannot make ATP.
Some strains can also cause blinding conjunctivitis or trachoma - #1 cause of blindness
Chlamydia trachomatis
Obligate Intracellular Parasites: Pathogens of birds but can infect humans and cause respiratory infection
Chlamydia psittaci
WK15: Contrasting bacteria and fungi; fungi are _____ and bacteria are _____. Fungi make spores for _____, while bacteria use them for _______.
A) prokaryotes, eukaryotes, survival, reproduction
B) Eukaryotes, prokaryotes, reproduction, survival
C) Prokaryotes, eukaryotes, reproduction, survival
D) Eukaryotes, prokaryotes, survival, reproduction
B) Eukaryotes, prokaryotes, reproduction, survival
WK15: Many fungi can exist in 2 forms. At higher temperatures (37C), they exist as ______, and at lower temperatures (room) they are ______. This is property called _______ _______.
A) single cells, multicellular, thermal dimorphism
B) single cells, multicellular, fungi imperfecti
C) multicellular, single cells, thermal dismorphism
D) multicellular, single cells, fungi imperfecti
A) single cells, multicellular, thermal dismorphism
WK15: This fungal infection can present (thrush) in HIV patients, or as a vaginosis.
A) Coccidioides
B) Candida
C) Cryptococcus
D) Tinea
B) Candida
WK15: Traveling in a foreign country that has substandard health conditions, you might pick up this intestinal flagella from contaminated water, food, or even ice.
A) Giardia lambia
B) Toxoplasma gondii
C) Typanosoma cruzi
D) Ascaris lumbroides
A) Giardia lambia
WK15: Malaria is one of the WHO’s “Big 3” the etiological agent for this disease is:
A) Plasmodium vivax
B) Giardia lambia
C) Trypanosoma cruzi
D) Toxoplasma gondii
A) Plasmodium vivax
WK15: Trichnosis can be acquired by:
A) walking barefoot in sandy soil
B) from fecal material from other children caring the intestinal parasite
C) from a contaminated “cat box”
D) eating undercooked pork
D) eating undercooked pork
WK15: Which family of protozoans use flagella for motility?
A) sarcodina
B) ciliata
C) sporozoa
D) mastigophera
D) mastigophera
WK15: The American hookworm, Necator, belongs to which of these families?
A) Nemathelmintes
B) Cestodes
C) Platyhelminthes
D) Trematodes
A) Nemathelminthes
WK15: Which of these disease agents is commonly carried by the domestic house cat?
A) Trichmonas vaginalis
B) Plasmodium vivax
C) Toxoplasma gondii
D) Pneumocystis jirovecii
A) Toxoplasma gondii
WK15: Protozoans are initially classified by:
A) their modes of asexual reproduction
B) which organ system they infect
C) their means of motility
D) their modes of sexual reproduction
C) their means of motility
