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Low-Yield > Micro-Final Minimum Q > Flashcards

Micro-Final Minimum Q Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fungal cell components (3 example)?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane with ergosterin, cell wall build up by chitin, glucan, or cellulose.

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2
Q

Classification the fungi by morphology?

A

Unicellular or yeast, multicellular or mould and dimorphic

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3
Q

Characterisation of the dimorphic fungus

A

They grow like moulds at room temperature and grow like yeast at body temperature.

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4
Q

List at least two asexual spore type.

A

Blastopore, conidia, arthrospore, spherule.

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5
Q

What is the cultivation temperature of the fungi?

A

25°C and 37°C to detect the dimorphism.

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6
Q

What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate fungi?

A

Sabouraud culture media.

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7
Q

What are the content (2 example) of Sabouraud culture media?

A

Antifungal agents against environmental moulds, carbohydrates, antibiotics.

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8
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by fungi?

A

Allergic reactions, intoxications, mycosis (tissue damage of fungi).

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9
Q

Classification of the mycosis?

A

Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, and opportunistic mycosis.

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10
Q

What kind of staining can be used in mycology? (2 example)

A

Gram-, methylene blue-, India ink-, PAS-, Gömöri-Grocott staining.

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11
Q

Mode of action of the antifungal drugs?

A

Inhibition of ergosterin synthesis, pore formation on membrane, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of cell division

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12
Q

List three causative agent of systemic mycosis.

A

Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidoides immitis

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13
Q

List two Candida species.

A

Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis.

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14
Q

List three causative agent of opportunistic mycosis.

A

Candida sp, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Aspergillus sp.,
Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp.

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15
Q

Which fungus can cause subcutaneous mycosis?

A

Sporothrix shenkii

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16
Q

What is the most common causative agent of superficial mycosis?

A

Malassezia furfur

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17
Q

List two causative agent of dermatomycosis.

A

Trichopyton sp., Microsporum sp., Epidermophyton sp.

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18
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by dermatophytes? (3 example)?

A

Tinea pedis, T. manus, T. capitis, T. corporis, T. faciei, T barbae.

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19
Q

List two 2 Trichophyton species.

A

Trichphyton rubrum, T. schonleinii, T. tonsurans, T. verrucosum

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20
Q

What are the source of the infection caused by dermatophytes?

A

Anthropophilic – human,
geophilic – soil,
zoophilic – animal

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21
Q

What are the development stages of the protozoa?

A

Trophozoite and cyst

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22
Q

What are the properties of the trophozoite?

A

Can move, feed, multiply and die

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23
Q

What are the properties of the cyst?

A

Is responsible for surviving in unfavourable environment, not showing biochemical
activity is a dormant structure

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24
Q

How can the protozoa be classified?

A

By the type of movement: amoeba, ciliate, flagellate and sporozoa

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25
Q

List two amoebas.

A

Entamoaeba sp., Acantamoeba sp., Naegleria sp.

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26
Q

What is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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27
Q

What can Entamoeba histolytica cause?

A

Amoebic dysentery, liver, lung and brain abscess

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28
Q

What is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis?

A

Naegleria fowleri.

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29
Q

What is the causative agent of amoebic keratitis?

A

Acanthamoeba castellani.

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30
Q

Which protozoa can cause steatorrhea?

A

Giardia lamblia

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31
Q

What is the treatment of giardiasis?

A

Metronidazole

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32
Q

Which protozoon can cause prostatitis?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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33
Q

Which protozoon can spread by sexual contact?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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34
Q

Which protozoa can spread by the bite of sand fly?

A

Leishmania sp.

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35
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Leishmania sp.?

A

Cutan, mucocutan and visceral leishmaniosis

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36
Q

How can leishmaniosis diagnose?

A

Giemsa-staining of biopsied material

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37
Q

Treatment of leishmaniosis?

A

Stibogluconate in combination with g-IFN and amphotericin-B

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38
Q

What are the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense

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39
Q

How can the sleeping sickness spread?

A

By the bite of tsetse fly

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40
Q

What are the symptoms of sleeping sickness?

A

Lethargy, meningoencephalitis, dementia, somnolence, coma

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41
Q

What is the treatment of sleeping sickness?

A

Suramin, melarsoprol

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42
Q

What is the causative agent of Chagas diseases?

A

Trypansoma cruzi

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43
Q

How can spread the Chagas disease?

A

By the faeces of the kissing bug during the bite

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44
Q

What is the treatment of Chagas disease?

A

Nifurtimox, the chronic stage is untreatable

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45
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Watery diarrhea which lasts to 1-2 week

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46
Q

What is the treatment of cryptosporidiosis?

A

Oral rehydration

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47
Q

What is the final host of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Cats

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48
Q

In which population can Toxoplasma cause serious disease?

A

In pregnant women and in immunocompromised population

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49
Q

What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis?

A

Spiramycin, pyrimethamine combined with sulphonamide

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50
Q

How can malaria spread?

A

By the bite of Anopheles mosquito, transpalcental and by transfusion

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51
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria (4 symptoms)?

A

Periodic high fever, chills, head ache pain in joints and muscle, anaemia, hepato and
splenomegaly, kidney failure

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52
Q

How can malaria diagnose

A

Blood: thick film, thin film stained by Giemsa, IF, PCR

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53
Q

What is the treatment of malaria?

A

Chloroquine, mefloquine and artemisin, hypnozoites by primaquine

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54
Q

Prevention of malaria by chemoprophylaxis?

A

Chloroquine, mefloquine, doxycycline

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55
Q

Prevention of malaria by vaccine?

A

Available vaccine since 2018 against Plasmodium falciparum. The content of the vaccine is a fusion protein.

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56
Q

How can Balantidium coli spread?

A

By fruits, vegetable contaminated by pig manure or by faecal oral route

57
Q

What are the symptoms of balantidiasis?

A

Dysentery with abdominal pain, tenesmus

58
Q

Treatment of balantidiasis?

A

Metronidazole, tetracycline

59
Q

Classification of the helminths by morphology?

A

Flatworms: flukes and tapeworms; roundworms

60
Q

What are the most characteristic properties of the flukes (3 example)?

A

They are short, flat, leaf shaped, hermaphrodites, have developed digestive system

61
Q

What is the most common intermediate host of the flukes?

A

water snail

62
Q

What is the causative agent of fascioliasis?

A

Fasciola hepatica

63
Q

What is the treatment of fascioliasis?

A

Bithionol or triclabendazole

64
Q

What is the causative agent of the lung fluke disease?

A

Paragonimus westermani

65
Q

What are the symptoms of paragonimiasis?

A

Night sweats, fever, bloody sputum, chest pain, pleuritis, bronchopneumonia

66
Q

What is the treatment of paragonimiasis?

A

praziquantel or bithionol

67
Q

What are the blood flukes?

A

Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haematobium

68
Q

Which flukes can live in the intestinal venules?

A

Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum

69
Q

Which fluke can live in the bladder venules?

A

Schistosoma haematobium

70
Q

What is the treatment of schstosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

71
Q

What is the intermediate host of Taenia saginata?

A

Cattle

72
Q

What is the intermediate host of Taenia solium?

A

Pig

73
Q

What kind of human diseases cab be caused by Taenia solium? (2 example)

A

Tape worm infection and cysticercus cellulosae

74
Q

What is the treatment of taeniasis?

A

Niclosamide, mebendazole

75
Q

What is the causative agent of fish tapeworm disease?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

76
Q

What is the treatment of diphyllobothriasis?

A

Niclosamide

77
Q

Which vitamin deficiency can cause by Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

The lack of B12 vitamin

78
Q

How can Hymenolepis nana infection treated?

A

Niclosamide

79
Q

Which helminths can develop hydatid cysts?

A

Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis

80
Q

How can the hydatid cysts treated?

A

By albendazole or surgical removing

81
Q

Which helminth can cause itchiness in anus?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

82
Q

How can be treated the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?

A

Mebendazole

83
Q

How can be diagnosed the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?

A

By sticky tape or Scotch tape

84
Q

Which helminth can cause diarrhoea by prolapses of rectum?

A

Trichuris trichiura

85
Q

Which helminth can cause protein deficiency (Kwashiorkor syndrome)?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

86
Q

Which helminths can suck blood?

A

Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

87
Q

What is the treatment of the infection caused by Ancylostoma and Necator?

A

Mebendazole, albendazole

88
Q

Which helminth can cause paralytic ileus?

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

89
Q

What kind of human disease can be caused by Toxocara canis?

A

Visceral larva migrans and ocular larva migrans syndrome

90
Q

What kind of specimen can be used to diagnose the Toxocara infection?

A

Blood for serology

91
Q

What kind of helminthic infection can spread from carnivore animals to humans?

A

Trichinella spiralis

92
Q

What is the diagnosis of trichinellosis?

A

Serology from blood

93
Q

What is the treatment of the Trichinella infection?

A

Mebendazole and albendazole can act only on intestinal helminths

94
Q

What is the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

95
Q

How can elephantiasis spread?

A

By mosquito bite

96
Q

What is the treatment of filariasis?

A

Diethylcarbamazin

97
Q

Which helminth can appear in subconjunctival region?

A

Loa-loa

98
Q

Which helminth can cause river blindness and elephant skin?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

99
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by adenoviruses (3 examples)?

A

Pharyngitis, pneumonia, pertussis syndrome, pharyngoconjuctival fever, acute haemorrhagic cystitis, gastroenteritis

100
Q

How can parvoviruses spread?

A

By respiratory droplets

101
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by parvoviruses (3 examples)?

A

Erythema infectiosum, hydrops fetalis, aplastic anaemia

102
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by high-risk group papillomaviruses?

A

Cervix cancer, tumour in oral cavity

103
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by low-risk group papillomaviruses?

A

Condyloma acuminatum, warts

104
Q

What can JC and BK viruses cause? (1 example)

A

JC: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML); BK: haemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy

105
Q

What can HHV1 (Herpes simplex virus 1) cause?

A

Herpes labialis, herpes simplex dermatitis, eczema herpeticum, herpes gladiatorum, herpetic whitlow

106
Q

What can HHV2 (Herpes simplex virus 2) cause?

A

Genital herpes, neonatal herpes, encephalitis

107
Q

How can HHV1 and HHV2 infections treated?

A

Acyclovir

108
Q

What can VZV (Varicella Zooster virus) cause?

A

Chickenpox and shingles

109
Q

How can chickenpox prevented?

A

By vaccine (live attenuated)

110
Q

What can EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) cause?

A

Mononucleosis infectiosa, Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharingeal carcinoma, oral hairy
leucoplakia

111
Q

What can CMV (Cytomegalovirus) cause?

A

Hepatitis, pancreatitis, pneumonitis, nephritis, myocarditis, encephalitis,
chorioretinitis, oesophagitis, colitis, congenital infections

112
Q

What can HHV-6 cause?

A

Encephalitis, pneumonitis, chorioretinitis, exanthema subitum or roseola infantum

113
Q

What can HHV-7 cause?

A

Encephalitis, flaccid paralysis, hepatitis, gastritis, lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, pityriasis rosea

114
Q

What can HHV-8 cause?

A

Kaposi-sarcoma, lymphoma

115
Q

How can Hepatitis B virus spread?

A

By parenteral way, by sexual contact or perinatal

116
Q

How can Hepatitis B virus infection treated?

A

By interferon and nucleotide analogues

117
Q

How can Molluscum contagiosum virus spread and what can cause?

A

By direct contact and cause benign tumour of the skin

118
Q

What can Poliovirus cause?

A

Aseptic meningitis, poliomyelitis, post-polio syndrome

119
Q

What can Coxsackie A and B viruses cause?

A

A: herpangina, hand-foot-mouth disease, acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis
B: pleurodynia or Bronholm disease, myocarditis, pancreatitis

120
Q

What can Rhinoviruses cause?

A

Sore throat, running nose, coughing

121
Q

How can Hepatitis A virus spread?

A

By fecal oral route, by contaminated food or water

122
Q

How can Caliciviruses spread and what can cause?

A

By fecal oral route, by contaminated water, by aerosol.

Can cause diarrhea vomiting.

123
Q

How can Rotaviruses spread and what can cause?

A

By fecal oral route and can cause diarrhea and vomiting

124
Q

How can Hepatitis E virus spread and what can cause?

A

By contaminated water, by raw pig and boar meat, rarely by blood transfusion and transplacental. Can cause acute hepatitis.

125
Q

How can spread the causative agent of yellow fever?

A

By mosquito bite from human to human or from monkey to human.

126
Q

How can Hepatitis C virus spread?

A

By parenteral way, by blood, by tattooing

127
Q

Which population is at risk during the Rubella virus infection?

A

Pregnant women because can cause in utero infections (congenital rubella syndrome)

128
Q

How can Influenza viruses spread and what can cause (3 examples)?

A

By respiratory droplets.
Symptoms: high fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache,
sometimes-gastrointestinal symptoms.

129
Q

How can Morbillivirus spread and what can cause?

A

By respiratory droplets and can cause measles with exanthemas and Koplic spots

130
Q

What kind of complication may develop during measles?

A

Pneumonia, encephalitis and SSPE: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

131
Q

How can Mumpsvirus spread and what are the symptoms?

A

By respiratory droplets.

Symptoms are: inflammation of salivary gland, pancreatitis, orchitis, deafness

132
Q

What is the causative agent of rabies?

A

Lyssa virus.

133
Q

How can rabies prevented?

A

By vaccine administered post exposure

134
Q

What is the treatment of HIV infection?

A

By combination of nucleotide analogue and protease inhibitors

135
Q

How can HTLV-1 spread?

A

By sexual contact, by blood and transplacental or by breast-feeding

136
Q

How can Dengue-fever virus spread?

A

By mosquito bite

137
Q

List two members of Flaviviruses.

A

Yellow-fever virus, Dengue-fever virus, tick born encephalitis virus, Zika-virus.

138
Q

What does arbovirus mean?

A

Arthropod-borne viruses

139
Q

List two diseases caused by prions

A

Kuru, fatal familiar insomnia, Creutzfeldt–Jacob-syndrome, bovine spongiform encephalitis

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