MICRO FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Microbiology is the study of ____ organisms and ___biological entities too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope
Living, acellular
you have a single bacterial cell in fresh nutrient broth. This species has a genetration time of 20 minutes. After 100 minutes, how many cells will be present?
32
which genus of bacteria lacks a cell wall and has a pleomorphic shape?
mycoplasma
who was credited for disproving the “Theory of spontaneous generation” and demonstrated fermentation by microorganisms?
Louis Pasteur
all are differential stains except for the
a. gram stain
b. acid fast stain
c. endospore stain
d. capsile stain
e. simple stain
simple stain
which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane?
a. selectively allows passage of molecules into and out of the cell
b. protects against changes in osmotic pressure
c. contains enzymes for cell wall synthesis
d. is the location for enzymes used in energy production
e.serves as the DNA anchor during binary fission
protects against changes in osmotic pressure
In a hypertonic solution, cells with a cell wall will lose water causing shrinkage. This condition is called ____. Although the whole cell does not collapse, this event can still damage and even kill many kinds of cells.
plasmolysis
which statement is false as it pertains to microorganisms in our world and their impact?
a.majority of microbes are pathogenic
b. they are medically important in the production of antibitotics and drugs
c.microbes provide oxygen and are the foundation of several food webs
d.they are used to produce bread, wine, and cheese
e. all statements are true
majority of microbes are pathogenic
this statistical procedure utilizes lactose broth to estimate the number of viable microorganisms in a sample of water which may be contaiminated with feces.
most probable number
the study of organizing, classifying, and naming living organisms is
taxonomy
intracellular storage bodies that vary in size, number, content, and used when environmental nutrient sources are depleted are called
inclusions
who used a handheld microscope to view the first microorganism which he referred to as “animalcules”?
Antione van Leeuwenhoek
Streptococcus pyogenes is the causitive agent of strep throat. What is the arrangement of this bacterial species?
round cells in chains
the 5 kingdoms (animalia, plantae, protista, monera, and fungi) were introduced by
robert whittaker
most human pathogens are ___ based on their temperatue needs
mesophiles
_____ media contain one or more agents that inhibit the growth of some microbes and encourage the growth of desired microbes
selective
the domain bacteria
a. are unicellular prokaryotes with smaller rRNA
B. have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
c. are true bacteria, and some are human pathogens
d. only A and B are correct
e. A, B, and C, are correct
A, B, and C are correct
_____ is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
osmosis
_____ determined the causative agents for tuberculosis and anthrax
Robert Koch
all living things are made up of one or multiple cells that share common characteristics except for:
a. basic shape
b. cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane
c. chromosome (s)
d. ribosomes
e. membrane-bound organelles
membrane-bound organelles
living microbes consist of ____
bacteria, archaea, protoza, fungi and helminths
the ability to enlarge the image of an object when compared to the real object size is called
magnification
the site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
which microbiological field of study is incorrectly paired
a. bacteriology; bacteria
b. mycology; fungi
c. protozoology; protozoa
d. phycology; algae
e.none of the above
none of the above
you have 4 bacterial cells in a fresh medium. This species generation time is 15 minutes. after 90 minutes how many cells will be present?
256
when using a microscope, the ability to tell two points or objects are separate is referred to as the
resolving power
which of the 6 “I’s” involves macroscopically evaluating bacterial growth and microscopically obtaining results from staining?
inspection
a cell lacking a wall in a solution with a lower solute concentration will ___ water and this solution is referred to as ___.
gain; hypotonic
during this phase of growth, bacterial cells adjust to their new environment and synthesize new molecules without an increase in the number of living cells.
lag
the testing of microbial cultures for biochemical and enzymatic characteristics along with drug sensitivity, immunologic reactions, and genetic makeup is referred to as
information gathering
____ performed the first environment to refute sponatneous generation demonstrating maggots could only form when flies were allowed to lay eggs on meat.
Francesco Redi
___ is the lowest temperatue that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism.
minimum temperature
free small circular extrachromosomal pieces of DNA that are not essential to bacterial growth and metabolism.
plasmid
the ___ states that mitochondria and chloroplasts found in eukaryotic cells each derived from an ancestral cell engulfing bacteria.
endosymbiotic theory
the ____ determines cell shape and prevents lysis due to changes in osmotic pressure
cell wall
are found only in gram-negative bacteria and are used for attachment to other bacteria to exchange DNA during conjugation.
Pili
counting the number of bacterial cells in a specific volume of liquid culture using a Petroff-Hausser chamber is referred to as
direct microscope cell count
____ is a process by which chemical substances are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities such as metabolism and growth
nutrition
____ are produced when some bacteria are exposed to adverse environmental conditions. They are highly resistance and have long-term survival.
endospores
based on their oxygen requirement, these microbes will grow throughout a tube of thioglycolate media with more growth in the tube correlating to where the oxygen concentration is the greatest.
faculative anaerobes
___ is the coating of molecules external to the cell wall made of sugars and/or protein. They aid in cell attachment and protect the cell against phagocytosis by white blood cells.
capsule
these organisms use organic molecules for energy and as a carbon source.
chemoheterotrophs
__ are threadlike locomotor appendages extending outward from the plasma membrane and cell wall.
flagella
plants and bacteria that use sunlight from their energy source and carbon dioxide for their carbon source are
photoautotrophs
the ___ is a dense gelatinous solution which serves as a solvent for materials used in cell functions and most chemical reactions occur here.
cytoplasm
an unknown bacterial species is placed in a tube of thioglycolate medium. After incubating for 24 hours, the growth forms a single ring a few millimeters below the surface. This unknown is likely a (an)
microaerophile
____ is a complex polysaccharide isolated from red algae used to solidify media first used in Robert Koch’s lab
Agar
this type of media allows the growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes
differential
microorganisms communicate and cooperate in the formation and function of biofilms by
quorum sensing
which of the following have internal flagella called endoflagella?
a. Spirilli
b. Spirochetes
c. Vibrios
d. Cocci
e. Bacilli
spirochetes
for a straight run the flagella spins clockwise and counterclockwise for a tumble. true or false
false
wet mounts and hanging drop mounts allow the examination of living cells. true or false
true
halophiles live in a high salt concentration. T or F
true
the suffix “phile” means nourishment.
True or False
false
true or false
placing immersion oil directly on the slide before using the oil immersion lens reduces the resolving power
false
true or false
the prefix “hetero” means other
true
true or false
the 8 taxa for classifying organisms arranged from teh broadest to the most specific rank is represented as : species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain
false
true or false
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward.
true
true or false
commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit
false
true or false
the flagellar arrangement that consists of 2 flagella on opposite ends of the cell is called amphitrichous
true
true or false
to maintain a viable culture, bacteria should be transferred to new media during the log and stationary phases of growth
true
true or false
a slime layer is a glycocalyx that is firmly attached to the cell
false
true or false
a protein is an example of a macronutrient
false
true or false
nomenclature is assigning names to living organisms
true
true or false
viruses are acellular biological entities composed of protein and nucleic acid
true
true or false
viroids are infectious proteins
false
true or false
Diplococci are a pair of rod shaped bacterial cells
false
true or false
catalase is an example of an enzyme produced by microbes to neutralize a reactive oxygen species
true
true or false
during binary fission, septation begins when proteins constrict the cell in the center to promote cytokinesis
true
true or false
microbial antagonism is when some microbes are inhibited or destroyed by other microbes by competition.
true
identify the temperature classifications in order from lowest temp to highest temp
psychotrophs, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles
what is the temperature range for mesophiles
15c - 45c
____ nutrients contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the products of living things
organic
_____ proposed postulates to show specific disease is contributed to a specific microbe, “one microbe, one disease”
Robert Koch
_____ like a pH range from 5.5 to 8.5
neutrophils
____ cultures have more than one microbe growing in sample or culture media
mixed
when staining in the laboratory, you need to use a _____ charged dye to color the bacterial cells which are normally transperant or colorless.
positive
the ____ is the time from initial contact with an infectious agent and the appearance of the first symptoms.
incubation period
what toxin is responsible for scalded skin syndrome?
exfoliative toxin
____ is the type of horizontal gene transfer that happens when a bacterial cell takes up naked DNA from the environment released from a lysed cell.
transformation
which term best describes the chemical reactions that release energy while the bonds of larger molecules are broken to form smaller molecules?
catabolism
according to the central dogma in biology, which of the following represents the flow of genetic information in cells?
DNA to RNA to protein
the degree of pathogenicity of an infectious agent is referred to as
virulence
a localized Staphylococcal infection most common in newborns and is characterized by bubble-like swellings that can break and peel away.
impetigo
which inhibitor reduces enzyme activity by binding to an allosteric site located outside of the active site?
a. competitive inhibitor
b. noncompetitive inhibitor
c. allosteric inhibitor
d. allosteric activator
e. two of the above
two of the above
noncompetitive inhibitor
allosteric inhibitor
all the following organs should remain sterile except for the
a. brain
b. heart
c. skin
d. lungs
e. bladder
skin
ATP is formed by all except
a. substrate level phosphorylation
b. oxidative phosphorylation
c. photophosphorylation
d. dephosphorylation
e. all the above are mechanisms used to form ATP
dephosphorylation
the full collection of genes a cell contains within its genome is called the
genotype
which of the following is likely the cause of endocarditis after an intensive dental procedure?
a. staphylococcus agalactiae
b. streptococcus pneumoniae
c. streptococcus pyogenes
d. streptococcus mutans
e. all the above
streptococcus mutans
___ are virulence factors that chemically break down or dissolve host’s barriers and promote the spread of microbes to deeper tissues.
exoenzymes
which enzyme adds nucleotides to make the new complementary strand of DNA alongside the parental strand?
DNA polymerase III
A large deep lesion created by the aggregation and interconnection of furuncles is a
carbuncle
what is the most common organic molecule utilized by human pathogens to produce cellular energy?
glucose
__ are subjective and are felt or experienced by the patient and cannot be objectively measured.
symptoms
which of the following pathogens produces the most virulence factors and antibiotic resistance?
a. streptococcus pyogenes
b.enterococcus faecalis
c. neisseria menigitidis
d.staphylococcus aureus
e. streptococcus pneumoniae
staphylococcus aureus
the science of genetics explores:
a. the transmission of biological properties (traits) from parent to offspring
b. the expression and variation of those traits
c. the structure and function of genetic material
d. evolution
e. all of the above
all of the above
ATP is the energy currency of the cell and is a three-part molecule. which is not a part of this molecule?
a.adenine
b. ribose
c. phosphate groups
d. deoxyribose
e. two of the above
deoxyribose
when an infectious agent is passed along by water, air, or food, this type of transmission is referred to as
vehicle transmission
which of the following refers to the mechanism of horizontal gene transfer naturally responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes of a R plasmid through a pilus?
conjugation
___ can infect an infant when passing though the birth canal and can cause pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis?
streptococcus agalactiae
The physical, chemical, and mechanical methods to destroy reduce undesirable microbes in a given area
Decontamination
Antibiotics are common metabolic products of aerobic bacteria such as
Streptomyces
A cystic fibrosis patient was admitted to the hospital due to a respiratory infection. The suspected pathogen was a Gram-negative bacillus that produced a greenish-blue pigment on Mueller Hinton agar. the likely suspect is
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gas gangrene is caused by
Clostridium perfringens
Identify a mechanism by which microbes acquire drug resistance by the acquisition of new genes or sets of genes via transfer from another species (horizontal gene transfer)
a.spontanueous mutation
b. transformation
c. induced mutation
d. transduction
e. two of the above
two of the above
transduction/transformation
Which term best describes an agent that will kill microbes
Microbicidal
Major side effects in 5% of all persons taking antimicrobials will include (name 4 things)
Tissue damage, allergic reactions, superinfections, tissue toxicity
Which of the following microbes would you expect to be at the most difficult to kill with routine methods of disinfection?
a. Clostridium tetani
b. Staphylococcus aureus
c. Escherichia coli
d. Vibrio cholera
e. Proteus vulgaris
Clostridium tetani
Which antiviral drug inhibits the enzyme reverse transcriptase?
AZT
A non-coliform member of the large group of enteric bacteria referred to as Enterobacteriaceae
Proteus
This method for controlling microbial growth on fomites will eliminate all vegetative cells, endospores, and viruses
Sterilization
A 4-year-old boy from Central America recently arrived in the US with his parents. After a few week, he experiences a sore throat, fever, swollen glands and weakness. Upon physical examination, the doctor notices a gray layer covering the back of his throat resembling a pseudomembrane. What pathogen is the likely culprit of this boy’s illness?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
The amount of medication given during a certain time interval
Dosage
