Micro Exam 2 old Tests Flashcards
_____ is the cause of bacillary white diarrhea in chickens
salmonella pullorum
is the cause of skin ulcers, feurnculosis and septicemia in salmonoid fish
Aeromonas salmonicidia
is a common cause of respiratory infections, septicemia, pericarditis, peritonitis and granulomatous lesions in the intestines of commercial poultry
Escherichia coli
is an organism that made headlines recently because several humans in a single hospital were infected with an Extreme Drug Resistant (XDR) strain that resulted in the deaths of several people
Klebsiella pneumoniae
is the most common cause of actinomycosis in dogs
Actinomyces viscosus
is the cause of bacillary dysentery in primates
Shigella dysenteriae, sonnei, boydii, or flexneri
is the organism almost always recovered from pyometra in dogs
Escherichia coli
is the cause of swimming pool granuloma in humans and granulomatous lesions in cold-blooded animals
Mycobacterium marinum
is the serotype of Salmonella that is adapted to mice
Typhimurium
is the Salmonella serotype found in pet turtles.
Arizonae
is/are the species of livestock in which Salmonella typhimurium DT104 is most virulent.
Cattle
is the leukocyte that can be killed by host-adapted Salmonella
Macrophage
is the nutrient inhibited by the SRP vaccine against salmonellosis
Iron
is the target antigen (epitope) of most Salmonella bacterins that fail to provide good immunity
O-Antigen (Somatic antigen)
is a foreign animal disease primarily found in solipeds that is characterized by encapsulated nodules in the respiratory tract and infection of cutaneous lymph vessels
Glanders
is a disease of warm water fish that can result in the breakdown of the cartilagenous structure of the gills and formation of lesions on the fins and ulceration of skin
columnaris disease
is the antigenic formula for Escherichia coli isolates that were first implicated in hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans
O157:H7
is the mechanism of action of the STa toxin of Escherichia coli
Increases intracellular cGMP
____ and ____ are the two fimbrial subtypes (variants) of E. coli involved in edema disease of swine.
F18ab and F18ac
Mastitis, pneumonia, otitis, polyarthritis; cattle
Mycoplasma bovis
Mastitis and septicemia; goats and sheep
Mycoplasma agalactiae
Enzootic pneumonia; swine
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Contagious pleuropneumonia; Cattle, buffalo, bison
Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides Small Colony (SC)
Contagious pleuropneumonia; Goats
Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis; Sheep and goats
Mycoplasma conjunctivae
Airsacculitis in newly-hatched poults; turkeys
Mycoplasma meleagridis
Eperythrozoonosis/ anemia; swine
Mycoplasma suis
pneumonia; rats and mice
Mycoplasma pulmonis
Explain how plants can serve as a unique source of food-borne Salmonella infections.
Salmonella can enter into and survive within plant cells which are then ingested
What is the molecular basis of Nocardia species being only partially acid fast while Mycobacterium species are strongly acid fast?
The nocardic acids in Nocardia are only about 50 or so carbon atoms in length compared to the 90 or so carbon atom length of the mycolic acids found in mycobacteria. The shorter fatty acids do not retain the carbol fuchsin very well
Why are PPD tuberculins preferred over other types of tuberculins for use in DTH testing of most domestic animals and humans?
They are standardized for potentency and are more purified to help eliminate non-specific reactions
Why are swine reared in confinement buildings less likely to be infected with Mycobacterium avium?
Because there is less exposure to carrier birds and soil-borne mycobacteria
T/F Melioidosis is caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
False
T/F Salmonella typhimurium causes overt disease in poultry
False
T/F Burkholderia mallei is most often transmitted between horses via nasal exudate contaminating feed and water or though direct contact.
True
T/F Burkholderia mallei is most often transmitted to large cats and canidae via nasal exudates contaminating feed and water or through direct contact.
False
T/F All Enterobacteriaceae express enterotoxins but only about half of them express endotoxin
False
T/F Routine immunization of cows and sows with killed bacterins expressing the correct fimbrial antigens has led to a marked decrease in coliform enteritis in neonatal calves and pigs.
True
T/F E. coli STb is most often associated with severe enteritis in newborn calves
False
T/F Klebsiella pneumoniae causes mastitis in dairy cattle and urinary tract infections in a variety of animals but is not usually an enteric pathogen except in psittacine birds
True
T/F Enterobacter species cause mastitis in dairy cattle and urinary tract infections in a variety of animals but are not usually enteric pathogens except in psittacine birds.
True
T/F If correctly performed, formic acid treatment of milk and colostrum can kill Mycoplasma species.
True
T/F Nocardia asteroides is less common than Nocardia braziliensis as a cause of infections in the U.S
False
T/F Treatment of infections with Nocardia species, usually requires relatively aggressive intervention that may include surgical debridement of lesions
True
T/F Oddly, Actinomyces suis is a more common cause of infections in cattle than it is in pigs.
Flase
T/F Dermatophilus congolensis is commonly found in soil but is in highest concentrations in the soils in the desert Southwest
False
T/F Dermatophilus congolensis infections are more common in the desert Southwest because of a higher population of Culicoides (gnats or midges) found in this environment that bite the skin and create small lesions for the organism to colonize.
False
T/F Most of the bacteria covered on this exam are sensitive to penicillin.
False
T/F A tubercle is the same thing as an abscess.
False
T/F In the treatment of tuberculosis, it is the fast-growing population of organisms that is first killed off by the antibiotic(s).
True
T/F The incidence of Extensive Drug Resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is surging due to problems with treatment of bovine tuberculosis.
False
T/F Most cattle in the U.S. are required to be vaccinated against Mycobacterium bovis.
False
T/F Calves in Johne’s disease positive herds in the U.S. are required to be vaccinated against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
False
It is thought that repeat infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae often cause more severe clinical disease than earlier infections because
The organism stimulates a hypersensitivity response that becomes more pronounced with repeat infections.
For diagnosis of which of the following would a hand-held, rapid (a few minutes) PCR system be most valuable to a practicing veterinarian?
Johne’s disease in cattle
is an obligate parasite of the oropharynx and digestive tract of cattle.
Actinomyces bovis
is the cause of severe anemia in young pigs.
Mycoplasma suis
causes enterocolitis and mesenteric lymphadenitis in humans.
Yersinia enterocolitica
is the cause of skin ulceration, furunculosis and septicemia in a variety of coldwater fish.
Aeromonas salmonicida
is the cause of necrotic lesions (cold water disease) of freshwater salmon and trout.
Flavobacterium psychrophilum
is the cause of a serious infection in warmwater fish where the cartilaginous structure of the gills is broken down
Flavobacterium columnare
is an organism that is more common in tropical areas of the world, is carried in rodents and causes the formation of multiple, small, caseous nodules in almost any tissue.
Burkholderia pseudomallei
is an organism that is very common in soil that occasionally causes suppurative and granulomatous infections usually only in immunocompromised hosts.
Nocardia asteroides
is the cause of feline infectious anemia.
Mycoplasma haemofelis
is a verotoxin-producing organism that was involved in multiple cases of human disease in Europe this past summer that was linked to eating sprouts.
Escherichia coli
is the major infectious agent that causes cranio-ventral consolidation in the lungs of pigs.
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
is the main cause of a dry, hacking cough in lambs that usually starts around 5 to 10 weeks of age.
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
is the cause of Aswimming pool granulomas in humans.
Mycobacterium marinum
is the serotype of Salmonella that children contract by handling pet turtles.
Arizonae
is the main route by which glanders is transmitted to carnivores.
Ingestion
is a collective term used to group the Mycoplasma species that specifically attack red blood cells.
Hemoplasma
is the host to which Salmonella dublin is adapted.
Cattle
is the phenotypic characteristic conferred by integrons in Salmonella DT104.
Antibiotic resistance
is the intestinal cell type preferred by Salmonella.
M-cell
is the serotype of Salmonella most often associated with raw chicken.
Typhimurium
is the major type of cell that responds to a Mycobacterium bovis infection.
Macrophage
is the major type of cell that responds to a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection.
Lymphocyte
List two common diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and the host(s) in which those diseases occur.
Mastitis ->Dairy cows
Enteritis and septicemia -> Psittacine birds
Urinary tract infections -> Dogs, humans
List three major diseases caused by Escherichia coli in swine.
Mastitis
Edema Disease
Enteritis
Joint infections
Why are pneumonias caused by Mycoplasma species usually chronic infections?
Because they often destroy the tracheal cilia and it takes a relatively long time for the cilia to regenerate. (A number of students thought it was because the organisms grow slowly; however, they may be slower growing than an E. coli for instance, but most of them grow sufficiently rapid that this would not account for chronicity.)
List two organisms that cause part of the mycoplasmal pneumonia complex in goats.
a. _Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC
b. M. mycoides subsp. capri
List two common methods for killing mycoplasma in ruminant colostrum and milk
formic acid treatment
pasteurization
If the U.S. had an outbreak of disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC, why would we not vaccinate to prevent the spread of the disease?
Because the vaccine does not prevent infection. It can mask infection, result in chronic carriers and shedders and lead to spread of the organism
Explain how the toxin in scombroid poisoning is formed.
Morganella morganii produces histidine decarboxylase that breaks down histidine in the tissues of some fish to form histamine. Histamine is the toxin
Why are clinical samples contaminated with members of the genus Proteus often difficult to work with?
The Proteus species swarm all over the surface of the agar media and contaminate any other colonies that grow
T/F Development of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to Mycobacterium bovis occurs within a few days of infection and this rapid response is why the DTH reaction is the basis of the major diagnostic test.
False
T/F Transmission of Burkholderia mallei in equidae is usually by a respiratory route.
False
T/F Enteric septicemia of catfish and columnaris disease are thought to be the two most important diseases of pond-reared catfish.
True
T/F An organism that retains the staining of carbol-fuchsin when washed with acid-alcohol is referred to as acid-fast.
True
T/F Acid-fast organisms are more likely to be phagocytosed but are often resistant to many of the killing mechanisms of phagocytic cells.
True
T/F Nocardia asteroides is a short, fat, gram-negative rod.
False
T/F The expression of exotoxin A and elastase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is controlled by the concentration of calcium and the temperature in which the organism grows.
Flase
T/F Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause necrotic stomatitis, pneumonia and septicemia in snakes and turtles
True
T/F Pseudomonas aeruginosa is always resistant to penicillin-class antimicrobials.
False
T/F Pyocyanin is bactericidal (kills other bacteria).
True
T/F Dipping a cool egg in a warm solution of an antibiotic is used to eliminate salmonella from the egg
False
T/F Mycoplasma conjunctivae is the main organism causing conjunctivitis in sheep and goats in the U.S
False
T/F The bubonic and pneumonic forms of plague are transmitted by different routes.
True
T/F Human Salmonella infections associated with raw chicken are the result of eating the raw chicken
False
T/F Shigella sonnei is the most virulent of the Shigella species
False
T/F Shigella species usually require a high infectious dose and that is why disease caused by these organisms is usually seen where heavy fecal-oral contamination occurs such as in daycares and on cruise ships
False
T/F The main focus of the Voluntary Johne=s Disease Control Program is to vaccinate as many calves as possible to decrease the herd incidence.
False
T/F Cattle that become infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis after one to two years of age are more prone to develop severe disease.
False
T/F Organisms in the MAIS Complex are usually transmitted by a respiratory route
False
T/F Klebsiella pneumoniae commonly causes respiratory infections in domestic animals
False
T/F Klebsiella pneumoniae commonly causes respiratory infections in domestic animals
False
T/F Klebsiella pneumoniae commonly causes respiratory infections in domestic animals
False
Which of the following is a host-restricted serotype of Salmonella?
a. Typhimurium
b. Choleraesuis variety Kunzendorf
c. Enteritidis
d. Only a and b
e. Only b and c
Choleraesuis variety Kunzendorf
Which of the following is true regarding Salmonella immunizing products?
a. The SRP vaccine works by blocking iron release by Salmonella.
b. The Agood@ Salmonella vaccines stimulate primarily humoral immunity.
c. Salmonella O-antigens are immunodominant but yet not protective.
d. No vaccines are available
Salmonella O-antigens are immunodominant but yet not protective.
is the cause of glanders in solipeds, humans and others.
Burkholderia mallei
is an organism present in the oral cavity of piglets and which causes draining granulomas in the mammary glands of sows
Actinomyces suis
is a partially acid-fast organism that is common in soil.
Nocardia asteroides
is the cause of columnaris disease of pond-reared catfish and other warm water fish.
Flavobacterium columnare
is the cause of chronic proliferative interstitial or atypical pneumonia in sheep and goats.
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
is an important predisposing bacterial agent for the development of pinkeye in cattle.
Mycoplasma bovoculi
is the bacterial organism that is almost always found in pyometra in dogs
Escherichia coli
is the area of the digestive tract attacked by Shigella species.
large intestine
List the species (and subspecies, etc., where appropriate) of Mycoplasma that cause each of the following:
______ Tracheobronchitis and pneumonia in humans
______ Respiratory infections in rats
______ Chronic respiratory disease of chickens
______ Contagious agalactia and arthritis of sheep and goats
______ Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
______ Mastitis, respiratory disease, otitis in calves
M.pneumoniae
M. pulmonis
M. gallisepticum
M. agalactiae
M. mycoides subspecies mycoides SC
M. bovis
List a relatively common disease or infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in each of the following:
___________ Snakes and turtles
____________Cattle
___________ Dogs
Necrotic stomatitis, pneumonia,
Mastitis
Urinary tract infection, Otitis externa, wound infection
List one relatively common disease or infection caused by Escherichia coli in each of the following:
_________ Chickens and turkeys
________ Psittacine birds
_________Dogs
Respiratory disease, septicemia
Septicemia, enteritis
Urinary tract infection, pyometra
Successful vaccines against diseases caused by E. coli have targeted what two bacterial components as antigens?
Fimbriae
Core antigens (J5)
Stable toxins a and b of Escherichia coli are important in the production of enteric disease. Why do we not have immunizing products aimed at inducing antibody production to Sta and Stb?
The toxin molecules are too small to stimulate an immune response
List two toxins or virulence factors other than endotoxin that are produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and briefly describe their mechanism of action
a. Exotoxin A: Inhibits protein synthesis by NAD-dependent ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2. Phospholipase C, Exoenzyme S: Inhibits protein function, Elastase A and B: Breaks down elastin, immunoglobulins, complement and other factors
b. Extracellular slime: Antiphagocytic, facilitates microcolony formation, Pyocyanin: acquisition of inorganic phosphate.
_______ is the serotype of Salmonella causing almost all the clinical disease in swine
Choleraesuis
Why is Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 infection so difficult to treat?
Because it is resistant to multiple antimicrobials
One of your friends asks you to culture the water in her fish tank. She has been having fish die recently and want to know if there is a problem with the water. You spread 0.1 ml of the water on a blood agar plate. After incubation you observe about 5 colonies that look like Aeromonas hydrophila. Are 5 colonies of A. hydrophila (50 colonies per ml) a significant finding that you can relate to the cause of the fish mortality? Explain your answer. pick one
Significant Not significant
Not significant
Aeromonas hydrophila is found in normal fish tank water and other open water sources. This is a relatively low concentration
is the cause of typhoid fever in humans.
Salmonella typhi
What is the main advantage of a siderophore receptor protein vaccine over any other killed immunizing product for prevention of salmonellosis?
The vaccine stimulates antibody production against the siderophore receptor of essentially all salmonella serotypes
Host adaptation in Salmonella is determined by what two factors?
Specific attachment to host intestinal epithelial cells
Ability to survive in macrophages
Describe or diagram and label the cycle of infection of Yersinia pestis in both animal and human populations.
Sylvatic plague: Yersinia pestis is transmitted to a rodent usually from the bite of a flea. The rodent develops septicemia and other fleas feed on it and ingest the Yersinia. The rodent dies and the fleas jump onto another host, bite that host and transmit the organism. Yersinia pestis cycles through rodent populations and is maintained in nature by this method.
Bubonic plague: Infected fleas feed on humans and transmit Yersinia pestis. The organism multiplies in the draining lymph nodes causing them to markedly enlarge (buboes). A septicemia ensues. Alternatively a septicemic form by-passes the bubo stage. Ordinarily, bubonic plague does not transmit readily between individuals.
Pneumonic plague: Transmitted among humans by a respiratory route. Not commonly seen
In order to isolate Actinomyces bovis from cases of lumpy jaw in cattle, material from the lesions must be washed in sterile saline because:
a. The organism is found in microcolonies (granules) that need to be isolated and cultured.
b. The lesions are usually highly contaminated with other, faster-growing bacteria that are removed by washing in saline.
c. The living organism is only present inside of neutrophils and can only be isolated from large aggregations of pus.
d. Sterile saline stimulates the growth of the organism.
e. Only a and b above
f. Only a and c above
e. Only a and b above
Infections with Dermatophilus congolensis are often associated with:
a. Tick and other insect bites
b. Excessively dry environmental conditions
c. Excessively cold environmental conditions
d. All the above
e. Only a and b above
Tick and other insect bites
Flavobacterium psychrophilum
a. Is the cause of Acold water disease@ in freshwater salmon and trout
b. Is the cause of rainbow trout fry syndrome.
c. Is the cause of enteric septicemia of catfish
d. All the above
e. Only a and b above
f. Only b and c above
e. Only a and b above
Burkholderia pseudomallei
a. Has a natural habitat in soil and water in S.E. Asia and other tropical and subtropical areas.
b. Commonly infects rodents.
c. Infection is manifested as small caseous nodules in almost any tissue.
d. All the above
e. None of the above
d. All the above
T/F Glanders in humans is most commonly the cutaneous form.
True
T/F Edema disease of swine is manifested primarily as a CNS disease.
True
T/F Edema disease of swine is caused by F18 ab and F18ac fimbrial types
True
T/F Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of respiratory infections in domestic animals.
False
T/F Extended spectrum beta lactamase resistance is primarily a problem in Serratia species
Flase
T/F Mycolic acids and nocardic acids are similar in composition but the latter are larger and therefore better retain the carbol fuchsin of the acid-fast stain.
False
T/F Phenolic disinfectants are more active against mycobacteria because they are better able to penetrate the cell wall lipids of the organisms.
False
T/F Replacement dairy heifers that are infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis around the time they have their first calf are more likely to develop severe disease compared to animals infected before 1 month of age.
False
T/F There is a national Johne=s disease eradication program in the U.S.
False
T/F Infections with Nocardia asteroides are uncommon because the organism has a relatively restricted natural habitat.
False
T/F Mycobacterium bovis infections have been decreased to the point that most states are considering abandoning the state-federal cooperative eradication program.
False
T/F Cattle are routinely vaccinated against Mycobacterium bovis in many other countries.
False
T/F The Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) is used to vaccinate infants in the U.S
false
T/F Swine reared in confinement buildings are less likely to be infected with Mycobacterium avium
True
T/F Mycobacteria utilize fimbriae to attach to target cells.
False
T/F Mycoplasa species routinely use fimbriae to attach to target cells
False
T/F Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are commonly found in the intestinal tracts of normal humans
False
T/F ELISA and bacteriologic culture are the two most common methods used for diagnosis of Johne=s disease
True
T/F Johne=s disease does not occur in sheep and goats.
Flase
T/F Although usually thought of as a non-pathogen, Citrobacter species has been isolated routinely from a variety of infections in domestic animals.
False
T/F Scromboid poisoning is mostly a problem in cats.
False
T/F Scromboid poisoning is caused when cats become colonized with Morganella morganii.
False
T/F F4 fimbriae are important for adherence of enterotoxigenic E. coli to mucosa of the anterior small intestine of neonatal pigs.
True
T/ F18 fimbriae are responsible for adherence of E.coli to the anterior small intestine of neonatal calves and lambs.
False
T/F Some species of mycoplasma are known to induce immediate hypersensitivity responses.
True
T/F the “sulfur granules” found in lesions of actinomyces bovis are composed primarily of sulfur
False
T/F The real-time quantitative PCR test for Mycobacteruum subspecies paratuberculosis is thought to be highly sensitive, especially for animals that are high shedders
True
T/F Escherichia coli must have F18 fimbrae and produce vasotoxin in order to cause edema disease in swine
True
T/F Escherichia coli Stb toxin triggers a cascade of events inside target cells resulting in the opening of ion channels through which ions and water are lost
True
T/F Stx-1 and Stx-2 are Shiga toxins produced by hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) isolates of E. coli
True
T/F The USDA zero tolerance policy for certain E. coli in meat/poultry is based only on the O-antigens of those organisms
True
T/F Species of Shigella only cause disease in humans
False
T/F Proteus species are the most heavily encapsulated members of the family Enterobacteriae
False
T/F Klebsiella pneumonia has several toxins that are essential for production of disease
False
T/F Non host adapted serotypes of Salmonella are also considered to be non pathogenic
False
T/F Bubonic plague does not occur in the US
False
T/F Mycoplasma species are common cause of enteritis in domestic animals
False
T/F Mycoplasma species require cholesterol (serum) in their culture media
True
T/F Immunization against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is required for farm raised bison in the US
false
T/F Contagious caprine plueropneumonia tends to be a relative mild disease with low morbidity and case fatality rates
False
T/F Mycoplasma pneumoniae us the major cause of chronic respiratory disease in rates
False- pulmonis
T/F Feline infectios anemia can be transmitted by any method that transfers blood from one cat to another
True
T/F Pseudomonas aeruginosa is common skin contaminant that has little to no ability to invade tissues
True
T/F Psuedomonas aeruginosa pdx a number of proteases that are thought to be important to the destruction of host tissues
False
____ is the cause of glanders in horses
Burkholderia mallei
____ is a Mycoplasma species that causes airsacculitis in turkeys only
B. meleagridis
____ is the complete name of the mist important organism causing contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
Mycoplasma capricolum sub species capripneumoniae
____ is the major cause of tuberculosis in captive primates
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
____ is the major cause of tuberculosis in birds
Mycobacterium avium
____ is the major cause of tuberculosis in swine
Mycobacterium avium
____ is an important cause of mesenteric lymphanditis and enteritis in humans
Yersinia entercolitica
____ is the cause of pullorum disease
Salmonella pullorum
____ is the cause of feline infectious anemia
Mycobacterium haemofelis
____ us the only member of the family Enterobacteriaceae that casues respiratory disease and septicemia in commercial poultry
Escherchia coli
____ and ____ are the two most common serovars of salmonella causing disease in calves
dublin and typhimurium
____ and ____ are the two Salmonella serovars most commonly associated with food poisoning in the US
typhimurium and enteridis
____ is the cause of a granulomatous osteomyelitis most often seen in cattle
Actinomyces bovis
____ is the cause of actinomycotic mammary gland lesions in sows
Actinomyces suis
____ is the full name of the organism that causes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC
____ produces large thick scabs on the skin of domestic animals, scabs are composed of the organism, serum, and cellular debris.
Dermatophilus congolensis
____ is the cause of contagious agalactiae arthritis and septicemia in sheep/goats
Mycoplasma algalactiae
____ is an organsim that has been a problem recently in white tailed deer w/ subsequent transmission to cattle
Mycobacterium bovis
____ is the cause of “enteric septicemia” in catfish
Edwardsiella ictaluri
____ and ____ are two diseases of dogs that are most often caused by Escherichia coli
pyometria and UTI
____ and ____ are the two animals most commonly infected with Salmonella arizonae
reptiles/turtles and Turkeys
Explain breifly the molecular basis for Nocardia asteroides being partially acid fast and Mycobacterium species being completely acid fast
Mycobacterium-> mycolic acid 50-90 Carbon acids hold stain much better that the smaller nocardic acid of N. asteroides
How does acid fast stain relate to the ability of macrophages to ingest mycobacteria
Those that acid fast stain are more hydrophobic and and are more cabable of being phagocytized and living w/in macrophage? (double check this one)
List the main natural habitat for the following organisms: Dermatophilus congolensis Slmonella enteritidis Yersinia enterocolitica Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae BUrkholderia pseudomallei
Dermatophilus congolensis; mosit soil
Slmonella enteritidis: intestinal tract of chickens
Yersinia enterocolitica: intsetinal tract of some animals
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: upper respiratory tract of pigs
Burkholderia pseudomallei: in soil, water, and rodents in SE asia
LIst 3 gram negative organsims that have recently developed extreme drug resistance (XDR)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Psuedomonas aeruginosa
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Explain breifly the mechanism of action of the heat stable toxin STa of E. coli… how does it cause diarrhea in neonatal animals
Increases cyclic GMP, results in inability to retain sodium, increases chloride retention, net result is increased fluid loss- diarrhea
Why is the DT104 salmonella typhimurium considered to be such a problem
it has the genes for extensive drug resistance and has been replacing susceptible strains
Briefly describe the genesis of scromboid poisoning
Morgnalla morgano- produces histidine decarboxylase, which reacts with histidine in the fish muscle creating histmine, human eats fish result is anaphylactic response
Describe the transmission of the bubonic plague in 25 words or less
flea feeds on infected rodent, flea feeds on human, transmits Yersinia pestus, organism replicates in lymph nodes forming nodules that can disseminate
Explain how cell fusion can benefit mycoplasma species
Mycoplasma can trade cellular material and shield itself from the host immune system
