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Micro Anatomy > Micro Exam 1 Cards > Flashcards

Micro Exam 1 Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Oral mucosa

A

strat. squam. epithel (may be keratinized); lamina propria (dense, fibrous CT)

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2
Q

Tissue composition of oral cavity

A

mucosa, skel. m., adipose, salivary glands, nn.

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3
Q

Commonly keratinized oral mucosa areas

A

dental pad, dorsal tongue, hard palate, cheek

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4
Q

lip composition

A

oral mucosa, orbicularis oris, adipose, haired skin (sinus hairs, seb. glands)

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5
Q

mucocutaneous junction

A

of the lip, jxn b/w haired surface and vestibular surface

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6
Q

micro characteristic of sinus hairs

A

cavitated spaces filled with blood

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7
Q

tongue mucosa

A

strat. squam. epithel.,lingual papillae, taste buds, fibrous CT

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8
Q

tongue composition

A

mucosa, adipose, skel mm. at right angles, salivary glands, nn.

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9
Q

dorsal/ventral surface of tongue

A

kerat. strat. squam. with papilla dorsal; non-kerat. ventral

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10
Q

types of lingual papillae

A

filiform, circumvallate (aka vallate), fungiform, foliate

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11
Q

only mechanical papillae

A

filiform

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12
Q

micro characteristics of filiform papillae

A

kerat squam epithel; slender, conical; underlying CT

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13
Q

micro characteristics of circumvallate papillae

A

deep pocket with moat; taste buds on sides; CT core with n. ending; salivary gland empty into moat

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14
Q

micro characteristics of fungiform papillae

A

mushroom shaped; CT core; taste buds on dorsal surface

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15
Q

macro characteristics of filiform papillae

A

short bristles; most numerous (90%);

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16
Q

macro characteristics of circumvallate papillae

A

does not protrude above surface; most visible, least numerous; back of tongue

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17
Q

macro characteristics of fungiform papillae

A

less numerous than filiform; smaller than vallate; protrudes

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18
Q

micro characteristics of foliate papillae

A

flat top; rectangular; deep clefts on side; taste buds on side

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19
Q

taste buds most numerous on this papilla

A

circumvallate papillae

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20
Q

foliate papillae found in these animals

A

lagomorphs

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21
Q

components of taste buds

A

encapsulated; banana-shaped sensory cells, taste pores w/ u-villi (taste hairs); lamina propria

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22
Q

gingiva

A

the mucosa that immediately surrounds the tooth

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23
Q

papillomatosis

A

exophytic, hyperkeratotic masses w/hyperplastic epidermis supported by fibrovascular stroma; may regress spontaneously

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24
Q

cells of respiratory (or nasal) surface

A

ciliated columnar

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25
Q

cells of oral surface of palate

A

strat. squam. epith.

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26
Q

micro characteristics of hard palate

A

bone, adipose, salivary glands, lamina propria, oral mucosa surface

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27
Q

micro characteristics of soft palate

A

ciliated columnar (resp), skel mm., salivary gland, lamina propria, strat. squam

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28
Q

brachydont

A

fully formed teeth; d/n continuously erupt; enamel made only b/f eruption, then ameloblasts die.

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29
Q

hypsodont

A

teeth d/n fully form; continuously erupt; herbivores

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30
Q

ameloblasts

A

cells that produce enamel (only during dx)

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31
Q

odontoblasts

A

cells that produce dentin (throughout life)

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32
Q

periodontal ligament

A

anchors tooth to alveolar bone (mesoderm)

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33
Q

pulp cavity

A

living tissue, blood vessels, mesenchyme

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34
Q

enamel

A

covers outside of tooth; made by ameloblasts; lost during pathol. Processing

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35
Q

dentin

A

bulk of tooth; softer than enamel

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36
Q

cementum

A

covers root of tooth (d/n protrude beyond gum line); bone-like

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37
Q

tooth dx in rodents

A

continuously produce enamel; wear down teeth by gnawing; root & crown grow through life

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38
Q

tooth dx in horses

A

enamel and dentin intertwined (increased strength, decreased wear rate)

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39
Q

order from inner to outer layer of tooth (above gum)

A

pulp cavity, odontoblasts, dentin, enamel, ameloblasts, stellate reticulum, alveolar bone

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40
Q

order from inner to outer layer of tooth (below gum)

A

pulp cavity, odontoblasts, dentin, cementum, periodontal lig., alveolar bone

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41
Q

the CT in the oral cavity is called

A

lamina propria (possibly dermis if in haired skin)

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42
Q

the tongue is primarily composed of

A

skeletal muscle

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43
Q

function of saliva

A

moistens/lubricates, mastication, deglutition (swallowing), adjusts pH, dissolution of food stuffs, limited CH2O digestion

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44
Q

saliva consists of

A

protein, glycoproteins, electrolytes, water

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45
Q

saliva production per day

A

man: 1-2L, sheep: 1-4L, cow: 90-190L, horses: 38L

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46
Q

dripping saliva (rabies) result of

A

pharyngeal paralysis; therefore not swallowed

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47
Q

salivary secretions drain to

A

the buccal cavity

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48
Q

ducts of major salivary glands

A

longer ducts b/c glands more distant from buccal cavity

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49
Q

ducts of minor salivary glands

A

shorter ducts b/c glands more proximal

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50
Q

major salivary glands

A

parotid, mandibular, sublingual; in carnivores: zygomatic, molar

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51
Q

minor salivary glands

A

labial, lingual (aka glands of von Ebner), buccal, palatine

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52
Q

adenomere

A

individual cells; compound tubuloalveolar glands

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53
Q

serous demilunes

A

crest-shaped serous cells; around mucous acini

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54
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

help expel secretions (b/c contain contractile elements)

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55
Q

mucous salivary gland, micro appearance

A

polygonal/wedge; foamy; periph nuc

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56
Q

serous salivary gland, micro appearance

A

poligonal; plumper than mucous; central nuc.; more granular/eosinophilic

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57
Q

ducts of salivary glands, smallest to largest

A

intercalated, striated (aka intralobular), lobular, intralobar, lobar, excretory

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58
Q

cells lining intercalated ducts

A

low cuboidal epithelium (non-secretory)

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59
Q

cells lining striated (intralobular) ducts

A

columnar

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60
Q

cells lining lobular ducts

A

columnar

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61
Q

cells lining intralobar ducts

A

pseudostratified

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62
Q

cells lining lobar ducts

A

pseudostratified

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63
Q

cells lining excretory ducts

A

squamous

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64
Q

primary cell types of the liver

A

hepatocytes and kupffer cells

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65
Q

Hepatocytes

A

liver cell; mitotically active

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66
Q

Kupffer cells

A

macrophages in liver; phagocytize old rbcs and process iron. Sit in space adjacent to blood.

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67
Q

Blood supply of liver

A

functional (hepatic portal v.; 4/5) and nuritional (hepatic a.)

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68
Q

Organization of liver

A

capsula serosa (serous memb.) and interstitial CT (most at portal triad)

69
Q

morphologic units of liver

A

hepatic lobules

70
Q

“spokes” in liver

A

hepatocytes and sinusoids

71
Q

liver blood flow

A

portal triad (portal vv.), sinusoids, central v.

72
Q

hepatic sinusoids

A

fenestrated endothel (c/n see); inc kupffer cells; no basal laminae

73
Q

Space of Disse

A

peri-sinusoidal space

74
Q

why live is susceptible to toxicity

A

fenestrated endothel

75
Q

micro appearance of hepatocytes

A

polyhedral cell, vesicular nuclei (spread out chromatin; big), central nucleus, eo cyto.

76
Q

hepatocyte ultrastructure

A

Mito, RER, SER, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, lipids and glycogen (storage)

77
Q

bile secretion

A

by hepatocytes; canaliculus moves it out

78
Q

intrahepatic parts of biliary system

A

canaliculi, intrahepatic ducts, interlobular bile ducts (portal triad)

79
Q

extrahepatic parts of biliary system

A

ducts: extrahepatic, hepatic, cystic, common bile

80
Q

Only visible pt of intrahepatic biliary system

A

interlobular bile duct

81
Q

different liver unit divisions

A

hepatic lobules, portal lobules, hepatic acinus

82
Q

hepatic lobules

A

morphology; central v. is at center; portal triad at apices.

83
Q

portal lobule

A

exocrine fxn; bile pt is most imp. ILBD of portal triad in center. central vv. at apices.

84
Q

hepatic acinus

A

vascular unit; informs dgx. How far hepat are from blood supply (3 zones)

85
Q

blood proximity in hepatic acinus zones

A

Zone 1 = closest to portal triad; zone 3 is closest to central v. (worst supply)

86
Q

most important liver fxns (7)

A

protein synth; secrete bile; excrete toxic byproducts; store iron, glycogen, lipids; transform toxins; metabolize lipids, proteins, drugs; sinusoidal hematopoiesis

87
Q

sinusoidal hematopoiesis

A

liver donates rbcs back into circulation

88
Q

portal triad

A

interlobular bile duct, hepatic a., portal v.

89
Q

reptile livers

A

mult. melano-macrophag centers (immune surveillance); nucleated rbcs; less structure

90
Q

gall bladder inside to outside

A

(tortuous inside), simple columnar epith, CT submucosa, sm. m. (not tunic), serosa.

91
Q

gall bladder pathologies

A

infection, distension (anorexia), stones, neoplasia, mucous hyperplasia

92
Q

micro, gall bladder inner to outer

A

simple columnar, CT wall, sm. m. (not T. musc., not 2 layers), T. serosa

93
Q

m. in common bile duct

A

concentric circular and longitudinal layers

94
Q

mucous production in gall bladder

A

simple columnar lining

95
Q

pancreas, type of gland

A

compound tubular alveolar gland

96
Q

micro features pancreas

A

glandular epithel., no striated ducts, arranged in non-rounded lobules w/interstitium b/w, islets of endocrine tissue

97
Q

cells of pancreas, acinar

A

conical/pyramidal; para-basal nucleus; zymogen granules

98
Q

cells of pancreatic intercalated ducts

A

squam or cuboidal

99
Q

enzymes of pancreas (10)

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, phospholipase, esterase, collagenase, amylase (acidity keeps in inactive form)

100
Q

chronic passive congestion

A

liver; cells die, lost, replaced by scar tissue, lumpy/bumpy

101
Q

pancreatitis

A

early activation of pancreatic enzymes

102
Q

GI layers, lumen outward

A

T. mucosa, T. submucosa, T. muscularis, T. serosa

103
Q

T. mucosa

A

simple columnar epith (w/goblet); lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

104
Q

contents of lamina propria

A

loose CT, vessels, lymphatics, lymphocytes, plasma cells

105
Q

contents of T. submucosa

A

Meissner’s plexus, fibrous (loose or dense) CT, +/- adipose tissue, +/- glands; GALT; vessels; lymphatic

106
Q

T. muscularis

A

inner circular, outer long.; vessels; myenteric (auerbach’s) plexus; 3 layers of m. in stomach; esoph may contain skel, sm., or both

107
Q

T. serosa

A

single layer of mesothel; scant fibrous CT; blood; lymph

108
Q

T. adventitia

A

T. serosa w/o mesothel. layer; esoph, distal colon & rectum; mediastinum

109
Q

T. mucosa: esophagus

A

strat squam (some keratinized); d/n absorb; musc mucosa may be absent cr. (pig, dog) or discontinuous

110
Q

T. submucosa glands, esophagus

A

mucous; most = glands in cr. third; dog - entire length; pigs - cr. half

111
Q

dog T. muscularis, esophagus

A

most skel. m.; mixed w/sm. cd. to diaphragm

112
Q

cat and horse T. muscularis, esophagus

A

switches from skel to sm in cd. 1/2-1/3

113
Q

ruminants T. muscularis, esophagus

A

entirely skeletal

114
Q

circular m. layers of esoph

A

become thick near cardia (esp horse)

115
Q

T. adventitia, esophagus

A

cervical & cr. mediastinum; has vessels and CT that blends w/ surrounding CT

116
Q

T. serosa, esophagus

A

thoracic pleura & just cd. to diaphragm

117
Q

fxns of the ruminant forestomach

A

fermentation, mixing, absorption, acidification

118
Q

T. mucosa, ruminant forstomach

A

keratinized strat squam (absorptive), no glands, papillae, folds, or laminae

119
Q

forestomach able to absorb

A

water, fatty acids, nutrients

120
Q

T. mucosa, reticulum

A

honeycomb; m. mucosa in upper pt (tips) of primary (long) fold; secondary, conical papilla

121
Q

T. mucosa, rumen

A

papillae; no m. mucosa; combined lamina propria-submucosa

122
Q

omasal leaves

A

primary laminae w/ secondary papilla; T. musc. b/w 2 layers of musc. mucosa

123
Q

it’s adventitia (not serosa) if

A

it’s not suspended in a body cavity

124
Q

margo plicatus

A

line b/w glandular and non-glandular stomach

125
Q

T. mucosa, glandular stomach

A

columnar epithel w/mucous cells (not goblet); lamina propria; gastric pits (foveolae)

126
Q

glands of stomach

A

cardiac, fundic, pyloric

127
Q

gastric pits (foveolae)

A

tubular structures that connect to invaginations of epithel from surface; cardia more shallow than pyloric

128
Q

T. muscularis, stomach

A

sm. m.: circular, longitudinal, oblique layer

129
Q

T. serosa, stomach

A

CT, vessels, mesothelium

130
Q

gastric glands - cardia and pylorus

A

branched tubular mucous, protect stomach lining, cell types = mucous cells, basal nuclei, grey foamy cytoplasm, few scattered parietal cells (in cardia)

131
Q

cell types in fundus/body

A

surface mucous, mucous neck, parietal, chief

132
Q

surface mucous cells, gastric gland

A

cover the surface and line gastric pits; columnar w/basal oval nuclei; apical cyto w/tiny mucous droplets; secrete mucous

133
Q

mucous neck cells, gastric gland

A

smaller than surface mucous cells; less mucin in cyto; round nucleus; secrete mucous

134
Q

parietal (oxyntic) cells, gastric gland

A

b/w mucous neck and chief cells; lg, polygonal, eosinophilic cyto, central round nuclei; secrete HCl, gastric intrinsic factor

135
Q

chief cells, gastric gland

A

located deeper in fundic glands; eosin apical cyto (zymogen granules) & basophil basal cyto (rER); secrete pepsinogen, trypsinogen, renin (ruminant), gastric intrinsic factor

136
Q

T. mucosa, small intestine

A

enterocytes, goblet (mucous) cells; villi; crypts of liberkuhn, lymph lacteals, immune cells, endocrine cells

137
Q

enterocytes, sm. int.

A

simple columnar w/u-villi

138
Q

goblet cells, sm. int.

A

secrete mucous for lubrication/protection; increase as move aborad

139
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

space (at base) b/w villi; rapidly proliferating cells; sm. int.

140
Q

lymph lacteals; sm. int.

A

1st sites of lymph drainage

141
Q

GI villi

A

only present in small intestine; long-slender in carnivores; shorter-thicker in ruminants

142
Q

plica circulares

A

largest folds in small intestine, fold (invagination) of mucosa and submucosa

143
Q

T. submucosa, small intestine

A

GALT/Peyer’s patches - most in distal

144
Q

T. muscularis, small intestine

A

smooth m., perpendicular

145
Q

Paneth cells

A

clusters at base of crypts; pyramid shaped w/very eosin cyto granules and basilar nuclei; secrete protein (inc lysozyme); most in horse, some ruminants, not dogs cats, etc; BacT-cidal

146
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

triangular cells; secrete 5HT, motilin, VIP, somatostatin, gastrin

147
Q

duodenum (compared to ileum)

A

Brunner’s glands; shortest villi (vs longest); least goblet cells (vs most); Paneth cells (vs increased # Peyer’s)

148
Q

Brunner’s glands

A

in duodenum; compound tubuloacinar; mixed mucous/serous

149
Q

M cells

A

epithel (no u-villi); in epithel over Peyer’s; fxn in mucosal immunity (transepithel deliv to Ag-presenting cells)

150
Q

glandular saccules

A

in camelid forestomach; mucous glands

151
Q

T. mucosa, large intestine

A

No villi, only crypts; many goblet cells; no Paneth

152
Q

fxn of large intestine

A

absorb water, lubricate w/mucous

153
Q

submucosa and m. wall, lg. int.

A

same as rest of tract

154
Q

GALT, large intestine

A

mostly in cecum and ileum; lots; lymph follicles in submucosa

155
Q

rectum

A

last pt of colon; endoderm;

156
Q

anal sphincter

A

enlarged T. muscularis of rectum

157
Q

recto-anal jxn

A

abrupt; simple column w/goblet -> strat squam

158
Q

avian esophagus

A

large diameter; most have crop (no glands) off side to store undigested food

159
Q

avian stomachs

A

proventriculus (glandular); ventriculus (muscular stomach = gizzard)

160
Q

avian large intestine

A

short colon (short villi extend into lumen of colon); paired ceca (imp sites for fermentation)

161
Q

cloaca

A

avian; common opening of digestive, repro, & urinary systems

162
Q

T. mucosa, avian esophagus/crop

A

non-keratinized, strat squam to columnar; mucous glands (not in crop)

163
Q

T. muscularis, avian esophagus/crop

A

entirely smooth m.

164
Q

T. mucosa, avian proventriculus

A

mucosal folds (not villi) surround gland openings; simple columnar; lamina prop; musc mucosa

165
Q

tunica layers, avian proventriculus

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis (thin), serosa

166
Q

T. mucosa, avian ventriculus

A

cuboidal to columnar, glands, surface “koilin”

167
Q

koilin

A

thick protective substance of avian ventriculus (not keratin)

168
Q

proventricular dilation disease

A

inflammation targeting nn.; dilated, thin wall, avian

Micro Anatomy (2 decks)

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