Micro Exam 1 Cards Flashcards
Oral mucosa
strat. squam. epithel (may be keratinized); lamina propria (dense, fibrous CT)
Tissue composition of oral cavity
mucosa, skel. m., adipose, salivary glands, nn.
Commonly keratinized oral mucosa areas
dental pad, dorsal tongue, hard palate, cheek
lip composition
oral mucosa, orbicularis oris, adipose, haired skin (sinus hairs, seb. glands)
mucocutaneous junction
of the lip, jxn b/w haired surface and vestibular surface
micro characteristic of sinus hairs
cavitated spaces filled with blood
tongue mucosa
strat. squam. epithel.,lingual papillae, taste buds, fibrous CT
tongue composition
mucosa, adipose, skel mm. at right angles, salivary glands, nn.
dorsal/ventral surface of tongue
kerat. strat. squam. with papilla dorsal; non-kerat. ventral
types of lingual papillae
filiform, circumvallate (aka vallate), fungiform, foliate
only mechanical papillae
filiform
micro characteristics of filiform papillae
kerat squam epithel; slender, conical; underlying CT
micro characteristics of circumvallate papillae
deep pocket with moat; taste buds on sides; CT core with n. ending; salivary gland empty into moat
micro characteristics of fungiform papillae
mushroom shaped; CT core; taste buds on dorsal surface
macro characteristics of filiform papillae
short bristles; most numerous (90%);
macro characteristics of circumvallate papillae
does not protrude above surface; most visible, least numerous; back of tongue
macro characteristics of fungiform papillae
less numerous than filiform; smaller than vallate; protrudes
micro characteristics of foliate papillae
flat top; rectangular; deep clefts on side; taste buds on side
taste buds most numerous on this papilla
circumvallate papillae
foliate papillae found in these animals
lagomorphs
components of taste buds
encapsulated; banana-shaped sensory cells, taste pores w/ u-villi (taste hairs); lamina propria
gingiva
the mucosa that immediately surrounds the tooth
papillomatosis
exophytic, hyperkeratotic masses w/hyperplastic epidermis supported by fibrovascular stroma; may regress spontaneously
cells of respiratory (or nasal) surface
ciliated columnar
cells of oral surface of palate
strat. squam. epith.
micro characteristics of hard palate
bone, adipose, salivary glands, lamina propria, oral mucosa surface
micro characteristics of soft palate
ciliated columnar (resp), skel mm., salivary gland, lamina propria, strat. squam
brachydont
fully formed teeth; d/n continuously erupt; enamel made only b/f eruption, then ameloblasts die.
hypsodont
teeth d/n fully form; continuously erupt; herbivores
ameloblasts
cells that produce enamel (only during dx)
odontoblasts
cells that produce dentin (throughout life)
periodontal ligament
anchors tooth to alveolar bone (mesoderm)
pulp cavity
living tissue, blood vessels, mesenchyme
enamel
covers outside of tooth; made by ameloblasts; lost during pathol. Processing
dentin
bulk of tooth; softer than enamel
cementum
covers root of tooth (d/n protrude beyond gum line); bone-like
tooth dx in rodents
continuously produce enamel; wear down teeth by gnawing; root & crown grow through life
tooth dx in horses
enamel and dentin intertwined (increased strength, decreased wear rate)
order from inner to outer layer of tooth (above gum)
pulp cavity, odontoblasts, dentin, enamel, ameloblasts, stellate reticulum, alveolar bone
order from inner to outer layer of tooth (below gum)
pulp cavity, odontoblasts, dentin, cementum, periodontal lig., alveolar bone
the CT in the oral cavity is called
lamina propria (possibly dermis if in haired skin)
the tongue is primarily composed of
skeletal muscle
function of saliva
moistens/lubricates, mastication, deglutition (swallowing), adjusts pH, dissolution of food stuffs, limited CH2O digestion
saliva consists of
protein, glycoproteins, electrolytes, water
saliva production per day
man: 1-2L, sheep: 1-4L, cow: 90-190L, horses: 38L
dripping saliva (rabies) result of
pharyngeal paralysis; therefore not swallowed
salivary secretions drain to
the buccal cavity
ducts of major salivary glands
longer ducts b/c glands more distant from buccal cavity
ducts of minor salivary glands
shorter ducts b/c glands more proximal
major salivary glands
parotid, mandibular, sublingual; in carnivores: zygomatic, molar
minor salivary glands
labial, lingual (aka glands of von Ebner), buccal, palatine
adenomere
individual cells; compound tubuloalveolar glands
serous demilunes
crest-shaped serous cells; around mucous acini
myoepithelial cells
help expel secretions (b/c contain contractile elements)
mucous salivary gland, micro appearance
polygonal/wedge; foamy; periph nuc
serous salivary gland, micro appearance
poligonal; plumper than mucous; central nuc.; more granular/eosinophilic
ducts of salivary glands, smallest to largest
intercalated, striated (aka intralobular), lobular, intralobar, lobar, excretory
cells lining intercalated ducts
low cuboidal epithelium (non-secretory)
cells lining striated (intralobular) ducts
columnar
cells lining lobular ducts
columnar
cells lining intralobar ducts
pseudostratified
cells lining lobar ducts
pseudostratified
cells lining excretory ducts
squamous
primary cell types of the liver
hepatocytes and kupffer cells
Hepatocytes
liver cell; mitotically active
Kupffer cells
macrophages in liver; phagocytize old rbcs and process iron. Sit in space adjacent to blood.
Blood supply of liver
functional (hepatic portal v.; 4/5) and nuritional (hepatic a.)
Organization of liver
capsula serosa (serous memb.) and interstitial CT (most at portal triad)
morphologic units of liver
hepatic lobules
“spokes” in liver
hepatocytes and sinusoids
liver blood flow
portal triad (portal vv.), sinusoids, central v.
hepatic sinusoids
fenestrated endothel (c/n see); inc kupffer cells; no basal laminae
Space of Disse
peri-sinusoidal space
why live is susceptible to toxicity
fenestrated endothel
micro appearance of hepatocytes
polyhedral cell, vesicular nuclei (spread out chromatin; big), central nucleus, eo cyto.
hepatocyte ultrastructure
Mito, RER, SER, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, lipids and glycogen (storage)
bile secretion
by hepatocytes; canaliculus moves it out
intrahepatic parts of biliary system
canaliculi, intrahepatic ducts, interlobular bile ducts (portal triad)
extrahepatic parts of biliary system
ducts: extrahepatic, hepatic, cystic, common bile
Only visible pt of intrahepatic biliary system
interlobular bile duct
different liver unit divisions
hepatic lobules, portal lobules, hepatic acinus
hepatic lobules
morphology; central v. is at center; portal triad at apices.
portal lobule
exocrine fxn; bile pt is most imp. ILBD of portal triad in center. central vv. at apices.
hepatic acinus
vascular unit; informs dgx. How far hepat are from blood supply (3 zones)
blood proximity in hepatic acinus zones
Zone 1 = closest to portal triad; zone 3 is closest to central v. (worst supply)
most important liver fxns (7)
protein synth; secrete bile; excrete toxic byproducts; store iron, glycogen, lipids; transform toxins; metabolize lipids, proteins, drugs; sinusoidal hematopoiesis
sinusoidal hematopoiesis
liver donates rbcs back into circulation
portal triad
interlobular bile duct, hepatic a., portal v.
reptile livers
mult. melano-macrophag centers (immune surveillance); nucleated rbcs; less structure
gall bladder inside to outside
(tortuous inside), simple columnar epith, CT submucosa, sm. m. (not tunic), serosa.
gall bladder pathologies
infection, distension (anorexia), stones, neoplasia, mucous hyperplasia
micro, gall bladder inner to outer
simple columnar, CT wall, sm. m. (not T. musc., not 2 layers), T. serosa
m. in common bile duct
concentric circular and longitudinal layers
mucous production in gall bladder
simple columnar lining
pancreas, type of gland
compound tubular alveolar gland
micro features pancreas
glandular epithel., no striated ducts, arranged in non-rounded lobules w/interstitium b/w, islets of endocrine tissue
cells of pancreas, acinar
conical/pyramidal; para-basal nucleus; zymogen granules
cells of pancreatic intercalated ducts
squam or cuboidal
enzymes of pancreas (10)
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, phospholipase, esterase, collagenase, amylase (acidity keeps in inactive form)
chronic passive congestion
liver; cells die, lost, replaced by scar tissue, lumpy/bumpy
pancreatitis
early activation of pancreatic enzymes
GI layers, lumen outward
T. mucosa, T. submucosa, T. muscularis, T. serosa
T. mucosa
simple columnar epith (w/goblet); lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
contents of lamina propria
loose CT, vessels, lymphatics, lymphocytes, plasma cells
contents of T. submucosa
Meissner’s plexus, fibrous (loose or dense) CT, +/- adipose tissue, +/- glands; GALT; vessels; lymphatic
T. muscularis
inner circular, outer long.; vessels; myenteric (auerbach’s) plexus; 3 layers of m. in stomach; esoph may contain skel, sm., or both
T. serosa
single layer of mesothel; scant fibrous CT; blood; lymph
T. adventitia
T. serosa w/o mesothel. layer; esoph, distal colon & rectum; mediastinum
T. mucosa: esophagus
strat squam (some keratinized); d/n absorb; musc mucosa may be absent cr. (pig, dog) or discontinuous
T. submucosa glands, esophagus
mucous; most = glands in cr. third; dog - entire length; pigs - cr. half
dog T. muscularis, esophagus
most skel. m.; mixed w/sm. cd. to diaphragm
cat and horse T. muscularis, esophagus
switches from skel to sm in cd. 1/2-1/3
ruminants T. muscularis, esophagus
entirely skeletal
circular m. layers of esoph
become thick near cardia (esp horse)
T. adventitia, esophagus
cervical & cr. mediastinum; has vessels and CT that blends w/ surrounding CT
T. serosa, esophagus
thoracic pleura & just cd. to diaphragm
fxns of the ruminant forestomach
fermentation, mixing, absorption, acidification
T. mucosa, ruminant forstomach
keratinized strat squam (absorptive), no glands, papillae, folds, or laminae
forestomach able to absorb
water, fatty acids, nutrients
T. mucosa, reticulum
honeycomb; m. mucosa in upper pt (tips) of primary (long) fold; secondary, conical papilla
T. mucosa, rumen
papillae; no m. mucosa; combined lamina propria-submucosa
omasal leaves
primary laminae w/ secondary papilla; T. musc. b/w 2 layers of musc. mucosa
it’s adventitia (not serosa) if
it’s not suspended in a body cavity
margo plicatus
line b/w glandular and non-glandular stomach
T. mucosa, glandular stomach
columnar epithel w/mucous cells (not goblet); lamina propria; gastric pits (foveolae)
glands of stomach
cardiac, fundic, pyloric
gastric pits (foveolae)
tubular structures that connect to invaginations of epithel from surface; cardia more shallow than pyloric
T. muscularis, stomach
sm. m.: circular, longitudinal, oblique layer
T. serosa, stomach
CT, vessels, mesothelium
gastric glands - cardia and pylorus
branched tubular mucous, protect stomach lining, cell types = mucous cells, basal nuclei, grey foamy cytoplasm, few scattered parietal cells (in cardia)
cell types in fundus/body
surface mucous, mucous neck, parietal, chief
surface mucous cells, gastric gland
cover the surface and line gastric pits; columnar w/basal oval nuclei; apical cyto w/tiny mucous droplets; secrete mucous
mucous neck cells, gastric gland
smaller than surface mucous cells; less mucin in cyto; round nucleus; secrete mucous
parietal (oxyntic) cells, gastric gland
b/w mucous neck and chief cells; lg, polygonal, eosinophilic cyto, central round nuclei; secrete HCl, gastric intrinsic factor
chief cells, gastric gland
located deeper in fundic glands; eosin apical cyto (zymogen granules) & basophil basal cyto (rER); secrete pepsinogen, trypsinogen, renin (ruminant), gastric intrinsic factor
T. mucosa, small intestine
enterocytes, goblet (mucous) cells; villi; crypts of liberkuhn, lymph lacteals, immune cells, endocrine cells
enterocytes, sm. int.
simple columnar w/u-villi
goblet cells, sm. int.
secrete mucous for lubrication/protection; increase as move aborad
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
space (at base) b/w villi; rapidly proliferating cells; sm. int.
lymph lacteals; sm. int.
1st sites of lymph drainage
GI villi
only present in small intestine; long-slender in carnivores; shorter-thicker in ruminants
plica circulares
largest folds in small intestine, fold (invagination) of mucosa and submucosa
T. submucosa, small intestine
GALT/Peyer’s patches - most in distal
T. muscularis, small intestine
smooth m., perpendicular
Paneth cells
clusters at base of crypts; pyramid shaped w/very eosin cyto granules and basilar nuclei; secrete protein (inc lysozyme); most in horse, some ruminants, not dogs cats, etc; BacT-cidal
enteroendocrine cells
triangular cells; secrete 5HT, motilin, VIP, somatostatin, gastrin
duodenum (compared to ileum)
Brunner’s glands; shortest villi (vs longest); least goblet cells (vs most); Paneth cells (vs increased # Peyer’s)
Brunner’s glands
in duodenum; compound tubuloacinar; mixed mucous/serous
M cells
epithel (no u-villi); in epithel over Peyer’s; fxn in mucosal immunity (transepithel deliv to Ag-presenting cells)
glandular saccules
in camelid forestomach; mucous glands
T. mucosa, large intestine
No villi, only crypts; many goblet cells; no Paneth
fxn of large intestine
absorb water, lubricate w/mucous
submucosa and m. wall, lg. int.
same as rest of tract
GALT, large intestine
mostly in cecum and ileum; lots; lymph follicles in submucosa
rectum
last pt of colon; endoderm;
anal sphincter
enlarged T. muscularis of rectum
recto-anal jxn
abrupt; simple column w/goblet -> strat squam
avian esophagus
large diameter; most have crop (no glands) off side to store undigested food
avian stomachs
proventriculus (glandular); ventriculus (muscular stomach = gizzard)
avian large intestine
short colon (short villi extend into lumen of colon); paired ceca (imp sites for fermentation)
cloaca
avian; common opening of digestive, repro, & urinary systems
T. mucosa, avian esophagus/crop
non-keratinized, strat squam to columnar; mucous glands (not in crop)
T. muscularis, avian esophagus/crop
entirely smooth m.
T. mucosa, avian proventriculus
mucosal folds (not villi) surround gland openings; simple columnar; lamina prop; musc mucosa
tunica layers, avian proventriculus
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis (thin), serosa
T. mucosa, avian ventriculus
cuboidal to columnar, glands, surface “koilin”
koilin
thick protective substance of avian ventriculus (not keratin)
proventricular dilation disease
inflammation targeting nn.; dilated, thin wall, avian
