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Micro exam 1 > micro exam 1 > Flashcards

micro exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Miasma theory

A

You can get sick from bad air, an ancient theory that is mentioned in the Bible.

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2
Q

Who was Hippocrates

A

He is the father of western medicine, he was the first to state that you don’t get sick from the supernatural.

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3
Q

Who is Thucydides

A

He is the father of the scientific theory, early concept of immunity. He got his ideas from the Athenian plague.

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4
Q

Who is Marcus Terentius Varro

A

He said that we can get sick from things that we can’t see, wrote Res Rustica, don’t let swamp water get into your orifices.

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5
Q

Who is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

He is the father of microbiology, used a simple microscope to observe microbes or “animalcules” in a raindrop

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6
Q

Who is Louis Pasteur

A

Discovered that fermentation and spoilage are caused by microbes, disproved with the swan neck experiments that microbes just “show up”

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7
Q

Who is Robert Koch

A

He established a method for connecting pathogen with a disease, Koch’s postulates

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8
Q

Who is Carolus Linnaeus

A

He developed a new way to categorize plants and animals, Systema Naturae

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9
Q

who is Ernst Haeckel

A

wrote general morphology of organisms and proposed adding 2 kingdoms: protists( unicellular) and monera( prokaryotic)

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10
Q

Who is Robert Whittaker

A

he proposed adding a 5th kingdom: fungi

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11
Q

Who are Woese and Fox

A

Coined phylogenetic analysis, used rRNA sequences instead of just observable data to organize organisms into the 3 domains that we use today Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

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12
Q

Who is Robert Hooke

A

Was the first to describe cells, looked at cork cells

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13
Q

who are Hans and Zacharias Janssen

A

may have invented the microscopes but not sure because they didn’t keep good records

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14
Q

Who is Matthias Schleiden

A

Observed plant tissue

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15
Q

who is Theodor Schwann

A

he looked at animal cells, and compared plant and animal cells

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16
Q

who is Robert Remak

A

said that cells come from other cells ( cellular division)

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17
Q

Who is Rudolf Virchow

A

published “Cellular Pathology”, stole Remak’s ideas

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18
Q

Who is Konstantin Mereschkowski

A

stated the chloroplast can survive and reproduce outside of the cell, but did bad expirmements so their theory has been disproven

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19
Q

Who is Ivan Wallin

A

showed mitochondria outside the cell, but was a bad microbiologist because the experiments have been disproven

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20
Q

Who is Lynn Margulis

A

She proved the endosymbiotic theory with evidence from DNA, ribosomes, binary fussion, fossil, and organelle evidence

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21
Q

Who is Girolamo Fracastoro

A

said that spouse can be transferred between individuals

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22
Q

Who is Ignaz Semmelweis

A

the OB that said because physicians didn’t wash their hands in-between patients, it was causing Puerperal fever

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23
Q

Who is John Snow

A

the first epidemiologist, figured out cholera was coming from bad water

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24
Q

Who is Joseph Lister

A

implemented hand washing and carbolic acid during surgery, causing the death rates of surgery to go way down

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25
Q

What are Bergey’s Books

A

Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology
Bergey’s Manuel of systematic bacteriology

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26
Q

what is binomial nomenclature

A

a way to classify organisms, the whole thing is italicized and genus is capitalized and species is lowercase

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27
Q

What is the order of classification from most general to most unique

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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28
Q

When do you use strain

A

Strain is used to classify microbes, and is used to indicate special biochemical features

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29
Q

What are the cellular microbes

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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30
Q

what are the acellular microbes

A

viruses and prions

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31
Q

What are the types of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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32
Q

What are the type of Eukaryotes

A

Algae, Protozoa, fungi, and Helminths(worms)

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33
Q

What are the 6 common bacteria shapes

A

Coccus- circle
bacillus- rod
vibrio- curved rod
coccobacillus- oval
spirillum- tight spiral
spirochete- loose spiral

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34
Q

wavelength

A

length between peaks

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35
Q

amplitude

A

height of peaks

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36
Q

Frequency

A

rate of peaks in time

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37
Q

longer wavelength=

A

lower energy

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38
Q

smaller wavelength =

A

higher energy

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39
Q

reflection

A

wave bounces off materials

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40
Q

absorbance

A

wave is captured

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41
Q

transmission

A

wave travels through

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42
Q

interference

A

interacts with another wave

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43
Q

What is the difference between constructive and destructive interference

A

constructive interference- wavelengths match and amplify(microphone)
destructive interference- wavelengths don’t match and cancel each other out (nose canceling headphones)

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44
Q

Diffraction

A

bent of scattered by object opening

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45
Q

refraction

A

change in direction and/or speed

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46
Q

what is the refraction index and what is the formula

A

the refractive index is the degree of change in transmission speed
formula - refractive index= speed of light on vacuum/ speed of light through material

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47
Q

magnification

A

ability of a lens to enlarge the image of an object

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48
Q

contrast

A

stark difference in the coloration of an image

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49
Q

resolution

A

the ability to tell what two separate points are separate

50
Q

factors that effect resolution

A
  1. wavelengths- shorter wavelengths = higher resolution
  2. numerical aperture
51
Q

What is the formula for total magnification

A

ocular x objective= total magnification

52
Q

what is the path of light in a microscope

A

Illuminator- condenser- Specimen- objective lens- ocular lens

53
Q

when and why would you need immersion oil

A

you need immersion oil at 100x magnification to increase the resolution because the oil matches the refractive index of the light better than just regular air

54
Q

What are the different types of light microscopes

A

Darkfield, bright field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast microscope, fluorescent microscope, confocal microscope, and two photon microscope

55
Q

What are the different types of electron microscopes

A

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

56
Q

What is a bright field microscope

A

a bright field, dark specimen. most commonly used

57
Q

what is a dark field microscope

A

dark field bright specimen, mainly used on live organisms, you add a condenser to the microscope

58
Q

phase contrast microscope

A

increase the without stain, good for viewing love specimens, uses and annular ring

59
Q

what is a differential interference contrast microscope

A

2 different wavelengths are passed through a specimen, and combined for differential effects, uses a polarizer

60
Q

what is a fluorescent microscope

A

fluorochromes are used to absorb and refract into visible light, you have direct and indirect, is used in clinical setting to identify pathogens `

61
Q

what is a confocal microscope

A

scans multiple z-planes to make 3d images, used on thick specimens like biofilms

62
Q

what is the difference between direct and indirect immunofluorescent

A

Direct- the fluorochrome attaches the the primary antibody, and the primary antibody attaches to the antigen

indirect- the fluorochrome attached to he secondary antibody which attaches to the primary antibody, which attached to the antigen

indirect causes higher intensity fluorescent

63
Q

what is a two photon microscope

A

uses infrared light to penetrate deep into the specimen but doesn’t damage it, is good for viewing thicker material (brain slices, embryos, and organs)

64
Q

what is a transmission electron microscope

A

forms images based on varying opacity, looks at the inside of an object, specimens are very thin

65
Q

what makes an electron microscope different than a light one

A

electron microscopes use magnets as the lenses instead of glass

66
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope

A

It is used to look at the outside of a specimen, electrons are bounced off the surface

67
Q

what is the point of staining

A

Staining allows you to be able to look at a specimen and look at the details better

68
Q

what are the differences between a wet mount a fixed mount a simple stain and a differential stain

A

a wet mount is good for viewing a live specimen, you use an aqueous solution like spit, pee, or mucus
a fixed mount (smear)- is good for staining but it kills the specimen
a simple stain uses one stain and emphasizes structures
a differential stain 2+ stains, and differentiates organisms based on stain interaction

69
Q

what is a positive stain and what is a negative stain

A

a positive stain is when the stain is absorbed into the cell and a negative stain in when the stain is absorbed into the background

70
Q

what is a basic stain and examples

A

a basic stain has positively charged ions ( basic fuchsin, crystal violet, malachite green, safranin, and methylene blue

71
Q

what is an acidic stain and examples

A

an acidic stain has negatively charged ions (eosin, rose Bengal, acid fuchsin)

72
Q

What are the different types of stains

A

Gram stain, acid fast stain, capsule satin, endospore stain, and flagella stain

73
Q

what is the procedure for a gram stain .

A

1.Heat fix smear
2.Primary Stain (crystal violet)
3.Mordant (iodine)
4.Decolorizer (alcohol)
5.Counter Stain (safranin)

74
Q

why is a gram stain important

A

a gram stain distinguishes different cell wall components, important for clinical diagnosis,

75
Q

what does a gram stain tell you about the cell wall

A

gram positive has a thick cell wall and gram negative has a thin cell wall

76
Q

which is more resistant to antibiotics gram positive or negative

A

gram negative

77
Q

what is an acid fast stain used for

A

diagnostic tool for detection of mycelia acid and mycobacterium spp

78
Q

what are the two methods for acid fast staining and what makes then different

A

Ziehl- Neelson method - with heat
Kinyoun method- without heat

79
Q

what is the procedure for acid fast staining

A

Steps:
1.Heat fix smear
2.Primary Stain (carbolfuschin)
3.Decolorizer
4.Counter Stain (methylene blue)

80
Q

what is a capsule stain used for

A

diagnostic tool for detection of a protective coating (halos), uses negative staining technique

81
Q

procedure for capsule staining

A

1.No heat smear
2.Primary Stain (India ink)

82
Q

what is the endospore stain used for

A

identification of endospore formers

83
Q

what is the procedure for endospore stain and what is it called

A

It is called the Schaeffer futon method
steps
1.Heat fix smear
2.Primary stain (malachite green)
3.Decolorizer (water)
4.Counter stain (safranin)

84
Q

what is a flagella stain used for

A

a flagella stain is used to identify flagella appendages

85
Q

what is the procedure for a flagella stain

A

steps
1.No heat smear
2.Primary stain (specialized)
3.Decolorizer (water)
4.Counter stain (carbol fuschin)

86
Q

what is spontaneous generation

A

an ancient belief that life arises from nonliving matter at any moment

87
Q

who is Francesco redi

A

did the rotting meat experiment

88
Q

who is John Needham

A

he boiled broth to “kill” all of the microbes and when then they grew back he “proved” spontaneous generation but he didn’t boil it long enough to kill all microbes

89
Q

Who is Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

he replicated the rotting and broth experiments, with the broth experiment he boiled it correctly, and the microbes didn’t grow back

90
Q

What is the modern cell theory

A

all living organisms are composed of cells

91
Q

what are the 2 basic tenets of cell theory

A
  1. cells are the basic unit of structure
  2. all cells come from existing cells
92
Q

who are the important people of tenet 1

A

Robert hooke
Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann

93
Q

who are the important people of tenet 2

A

Robert Remak
Rudolf Virchow

94
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory

A

the theory that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts came from prokaryotic cells that were eaten by ancient eukaryotic cells and ended up surviving and having a symbiotic relationship

95
Q

What are the common elements of a generic cell

A

cytoplasm
plasma membrane
chromosomes
ribosomes

96
Q

what are some clinically important endospores

A

B. anthracis- causative agent of anthrax
C. difficile- causes pseudomembranous colitis
C. perfringens- causes gas gangrene
C. botulinum- causes botulism
C. tetani- causes tetanus

97
Q

what is biochemistry

A

study of life chemistry

98
Q

What are the macronutrients

A

hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur

99
Q

what is an organic molecule

A

an organic molecule is a carbon and a macronutrient

100
Q

what is a carbon skeleton

A

carbon molecule that has varying sizes and arrangements

101
Q

what arrangements can carbon skeletons be in

A

chain, cyclic, or branched

102
Q

what are structural isomers

A

carbon molecules with the same formula but different arrangement

103
Q

what are stereoisomers

A

carbon molecules that have the same sequence and same structure but different 3D shape
`

104
Q

what are enantiomers

A

related by reflection to each other

105
Q

what is an inorganic molecule

A

a molecule that doest have carbon molecule

106
Q

what are the functions of carbs

A

They are the most abundant macromolecule, they arrive as food storage, structure, transmitting genetic material, and provide energy in the form of starch and glycogen

107
Q

what are the functions of lipids

A

nutrients, carbon and energy storage, structure, and structure for membrane and hormones

108
Q

what are the different types of lipids

A

fatty acids
phospholipids
isoprenoids/ sterols

109
Q

what is a fatty acid

A

long chained hydrocarbons with terminal carboxylic acid

triglycerides- 3 fatty acids + glycerol molecule
common to adipose tissue and sebum oil

110
Q

what are phospholipids

A

lipids with phosphate groups

111
Q

what does amphipathic mean

A

having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

112
Q

what is an isoprenoid

A

branched lipids

113
Q

what are some of the common uses of isoprenoids

A

pharmaceuticals, pigments, and fragrances

114
Q

what is a bacteria that relies on isoprenoids

A

propionibacterium acnes

115
Q

what are steroids

A

the rigid structure in membranes

116
Q

what are the different types of steroids

A

humans- cholesterol
fungi and Protozoa- ergosterol
bacteria- hopene

117
Q

What does MALD- TOF stand for

A

matrix assisted laser desorption/ ionization time of flight mass spectrometry

118
Q

what does FAME stand for

A

fatty acid methyl ester analysis

119
Q

what does PLFA stand for

A

phospholipid derived fatty acids analysis

120
Q

what are the different types of flagella and that do they mean

A

monotrichous- single
amphitrichous- one on each end
lophotrichous- single tuft
peritrichous- all over

121
Q

what are the different types of cell arrangements

A

coccus- single
diplococcus- two
tetrad- four in a square
streptococcus- chain
staphylococcus- cluster
bacillus- single rod
streptobacillus- chain of rods

Micro exam 1 (2 decks)

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