micro exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Miasma theory
A
You can get sick from bad air, an ancient theory that is mentioned in the Bible.
2
Q
Who was Hippocrates
A
He is the father of western medicine, he was the first to state that you don’t get sick from the supernatural.
3
Q
Who is Thucydides
A
He is the father of the scientific theory, early concept of immunity. He got his ideas from the Athenian plague.
4
Q
Who is Marcus Terentius Varro
A
He said that we can get sick from things that we can’t see, wrote Res Rustica, don’t let swamp water get into your orifices.
5
Q
Who is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
A
He is the father of microbiology, used a simple microscope to observe microbes or “animalcules” in a raindrop
6
Q
Who is Louis Pasteur
A
Discovered that fermentation and spoilage are caused by microbes, disproved with the swan neck experiments that microbes just “show up”
7
Q
Who is Robert Koch
A
He established a method for connecting pathogen with a disease, Koch’s postulates
8
Q
Who is Carolus Linnaeus
A
He developed a new way to categorize plants and animals, Systema Naturae
9
Q
who is Ernst Haeckel
A
wrote general morphology of organisms and proposed adding 2 kingdoms: protists( unicellular) and monera( prokaryotic)
10
Q
Who is Robert Whittaker
A
he proposed adding a 5th kingdom: fungi
11
Q
Who are Woese and Fox
A
Coined phylogenetic analysis, used rRNA sequences instead of just observable data to organize organisms into the 3 domains that we use today Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
12
Q
Who is Robert Hooke
A
Was the first to describe cells, looked at cork cells
13
Q
who are Hans and Zacharias Janssen
A
may have invented the microscopes but not sure because they didn’t keep good records
14
Q
Who is Matthias Schleiden
A
Observed plant tissue
15
Q
who is Theodor Schwann
A
he looked at animal cells, and compared plant and animal cells
16
Q
who is Robert Remak
A
said that cells come from other cells ( cellular division)
17
Q
Who is Rudolf Virchow
A
published “Cellular Pathology”, stole Remak’s ideas
18
Q
Who is Konstantin Mereschkowski
A
stated the chloroplast can survive and reproduce outside of the cell, but did bad expirmements so their theory has been disproven
19
Q
Who is Ivan Wallin
A
showed mitochondria outside the cell, but was a bad microbiologist because the experiments have been disproven
20
Q
Who is Lynn Margulis
A
She proved the endosymbiotic theory with evidence from DNA, ribosomes, binary fussion, fossil, and organelle evidence
21
Q
Who is Girolamo Fracastoro
A
said that spouse can be transferred between individuals
22
Q
Who is Ignaz Semmelweis
A
the OB that said because physicians didn’t wash their hands in-between patients, it was causing Puerperal fever
23
Q
Who is John Snow
A
the first epidemiologist, figured out cholera was coming from bad water
24
Q
Who is Joseph Lister
A
implemented hand washing and carbolic acid during surgery, causing the death rates of surgery to go way down
25
What are Bergey's Books
Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology
Bergey's Manuel of systematic bacteriology
26
what is binomial nomenclature
a way to classify organisms, the whole thing is italicized and genus is capitalized and species is lowercase
27
What is the order of classification from most general to most unique
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
28
When do you use strain
Strain is used to classify microbes, and is used to indicate special biochemical features
29
What are the cellular microbes
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
30
what are the acellular microbes
viruses and prions
31
What are the types of prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea
32
What are the type of Eukaryotes
Algae, Protozoa, fungi, and Helminths(worms)
33
What are the 6 common bacteria shapes
Coccus- circle
bacillus- rod
vibrio- curved rod
coccobacillus- oval
spirillum- tight spiral
spirochete- loose spiral
34
wavelength
length between peaks
35
amplitude
height of peaks
36
Frequency
rate of peaks in time
37
longer wavelength=
lower energy
38
smaller wavelength =
higher energy
39
reflection
wave bounces off materials
40
absorbance
wave is captured
41
transmission
wave travels through
42
interference
interacts with another wave
43
What is the difference between constructive and destructive interference
constructive interference- wavelengths match and amplify(microphone)
destructive interference- wavelengths don't match and cancel each other out (nose canceling headphones)
44
Diffraction
bent of scattered by object opening
45
refraction
change in direction and/or speed
46
what is the refraction index and what is the formula
the refractive index is the degree of change in transmission speed
formula - refractive index= speed of light on vacuum/ speed of light through material
47
magnification
ability of a lens to enlarge the image of an object
48
contrast
stark difference in the coloration of an image
49
resolution
the ability to tell what two separate points are separate
50
factors that effect resolution
1. wavelengths- shorter wavelengths = higher resolution
2. numerical aperture
51
What is the formula for total magnification
ocular x objective= total magnification
52
what is the path of light in a microscope
Illuminator- condenser- Specimen- objective lens- ocular lens
53
when and why would you need immersion oil
you need immersion oil at 100x magnification to increase the resolution because the oil matches the refractive index of the light better than just regular air
54
What are the different types of light microscopes
Darkfield, bright field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast microscope, fluorescent microscope, confocal microscope, and two photon microscope
55
What are the different types of electron microscopes
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
56
What is a bright field microscope
a bright field, dark specimen. most commonly used
57
what is a dark field microscope
dark field bright specimen, mainly used on live organisms, you add a condenser to the microscope
58
phase contrast microscope
increase the without stain, good for viewing love specimens, uses and annular ring
59
what is a differential interference contrast microscope
2 different wavelengths are passed through a specimen, and combined for differential effects, uses a polarizer
60
what is a fluorescent microscope
fluorochromes are used to absorb and refract into visible light, you have direct and indirect, is used in clinical setting to identify pathogens `
61
what is a confocal microscope
scans multiple z-planes to make 3d images, used on thick specimens like biofilms
62
what is the difference between direct and indirect immunofluorescent
Direct- the fluorochrome attaches the the primary antibody, and the primary antibody attaches to the antigen
indirect- the fluorochrome attached to he secondary antibody which attaches to the primary antibody, which attached to the antigen
indirect causes higher intensity fluorescent
63
what is a two photon microscope
uses infrared light to penetrate deep into the specimen but doesn't damage it, is good for viewing thicker material (brain slices, embryos, and organs)
64
what is a transmission electron microscope
forms images based on varying opacity, looks at the inside of an object, specimens are very thin
65
what makes an electron microscope different than a light one
electron microscopes use magnets as the lenses instead of glass
66
What is a scanning electron microscope
It is used to look at the outside of a specimen, electrons are bounced off the surface
67
what is the point of staining
Staining allows you to be able to look at a specimen and look at the details better
68
what are the differences between a wet mount a fixed mount a simple stain and a differential stain
a wet mount is good for viewing a live specimen, you use an aqueous solution like spit, pee, or mucus
a fixed mount (smear)- is good for staining but it kills the specimen
a simple stain uses one stain and emphasizes structures
a differential stain 2+ stains, and differentiates organisms based on stain interaction
69
what is a positive stain and what is a negative stain
a positive stain is when the stain is absorbed into the cell and a negative stain in when the stain is absorbed into the background
70
what is a basic stain and examples
a basic stain has positively charged ions ( basic fuchsin, crystal violet, malachite green, safranin, and methylene blue
71
what is an acidic stain and examples
an acidic stain has negatively charged ions (eosin, rose Bengal, acid fuchsin)
72
What are the different types of stains
Gram stain, acid fast stain, capsule satin, endospore stain, and flagella stain
73
what is the procedure for a gram stain .
1.Heat fix smear
2.Primary Stain (crystal violet)
3.Mordant (iodine)
4.Decolorizer (alcohol)
5.Counter Stain (safranin)
74
why is a gram stain important
a gram stain distinguishes different cell wall components, important for clinical diagnosis,
75
what does a gram stain tell you about the cell wall
gram positive has a thick cell wall and gram negative has a thin cell wall
76
which is more resistant to antibiotics gram positive or negative
gram negative
77
what is an acid fast stain used for
diagnostic tool for detection of mycelia acid and mycobacterium spp
78
what are the two methods for acid fast staining and what makes then different
Ziehl- Neelson method - with heat
Kinyoun method- without heat
79
what is the procedure for acid fast staining
Steps:
1.Heat fix smear
2.Primary Stain (carbolfuschin)
3.Decolorizer
4.Counter Stain (methylene blue)
80
what is a capsule stain used for
diagnostic tool for detection of a protective coating (halos), uses negative staining technique
81
procedure for capsule staining
1.No heat smear
2.Primary Stain (India ink)
82
what is the endospore stain used for
identification of endospore formers
83
what is the procedure for endospore stain and what is it called
It is called the Schaeffer futon method
steps
1.Heat fix smear
2.Primary stain (malachite green)
3.Decolorizer (water)
4.Counter stain (safranin)
84
what is a flagella stain used for
a flagella stain is used to identify flagella appendages
85
what is the procedure for a flagella stain
steps
1.No heat smear
2.Primary stain (specialized)
3.Decolorizer (water)
4.Counter stain (carbol fuschin)
86
what is spontaneous generation
an ancient belief that life arises from nonliving matter at any moment
87
who is Francesco redi
did the rotting meat experiment
88
who is John Needham
he boiled broth to "kill" all of the microbes and when then they grew back he "proved" spontaneous generation but he didn't boil it long enough to kill all microbes
89
Who is Lazzaro Spallanzani
he replicated the rotting and broth experiments, with the broth experiment he boiled it correctly, and the microbes didn't grow back
90
What is the modern cell theory
all living organisms are composed of cells
91
what are the 2 basic tenets of cell theory
1. cells are the basic unit of structure
2. all cells come from existing cells
92
who are the important people of tenet 1
Robert hooke
Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
93
who are the important people of tenet 2
Robert Remak
Rudolf Virchow
94
What is the endosymbiotic theory
the theory that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts came from prokaryotic cells that were eaten by ancient eukaryotic cells and ended up surviving and having a symbiotic relationship
95
What are the common elements of a generic cell
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
chromosomes
ribosomes
96
what are some clinically important endospores
B. anthracis- causative agent of anthrax
C. difficile- causes pseudomembranous colitis
C. perfringens- causes gas gangrene
C. botulinum- causes botulism
C. tetani- causes tetanus
97
what is biochemistry
study of life chemistry
98
What are the macronutrients
hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur
99
what is an organic molecule
an organic molecule is a carbon and a macronutrient
100
what is a carbon skeleton
carbon molecule that has varying sizes and arrangements
101
what arrangements can carbon skeletons be in
chain, cyclic, or branched
102
what are structural isomers
carbon molecules with the same formula but different arrangement
103
what are stereoisomers
carbon molecules that have the same sequence and same structure but different 3D shape
`
104
what are enantiomers
related by reflection to each other
105
what is an inorganic molecule
a molecule that doest have carbon molecule
106
what are the functions of carbs
They are the most abundant macromolecule, they arrive as food storage, structure, transmitting genetic material, and provide energy in the form of starch and glycogen
107
what are the functions of lipids
nutrients, carbon and energy storage, structure, and structure for membrane and hormones
108
what are the different types of lipids
fatty acids
phospholipids
isoprenoids/ sterols
109
what is a fatty acid
long chained hydrocarbons with terminal carboxylic acid
triglycerides- 3 fatty acids + glycerol molecule
common to adipose tissue and sebum oil
110
what are phospholipids
lipids with phosphate groups
111
what does amphipathic mean
having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
112
what is an isoprenoid
branched lipids
113
what are some of the common uses of isoprenoids
pharmaceuticals, pigments, and fragrances
114
what is a bacteria that relies on isoprenoids
propionibacterium acnes
115
what are steroids
the rigid structure in membranes
116
what are the different types of steroids
humans- cholesterol
fungi and Protozoa- ergosterol
bacteria- hopene
117
What does MALD- TOF stand for
matrix assisted laser desorption/ ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
118
what does FAME stand for
fatty acid methyl ester analysis
119
what does PLFA stand for
phospholipid derived fatty acids analysis
120
what are the different types of flagella and that do they mean
monotrichous- single
amphitrichous- one on each end
lophotrichous- single tuft
peritrichous- all over
121
what are the different types of cell arrangements
coccus- single
diplococcus- two
tetrad- four in a square
streptococcus- chain
staphylococcus- cluster
bacillus- single rod
streptobacillus- chain of rods
