Micro Bio Flashcards
carbon skeleton
The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
Functional groups
bond to carbon skeletons and are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound
Ex) OH
Macromolecules
are polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules called monomers
Carbohydrates
Serve as cell structures and cellular energy sources
•Include sugars and starches
•Consist of C, H, and O with the formula (CH2O)n
•Many carbohydrates are isomers
•Molecules with same chemical formula, but different structures
Monosaccharides
are simple sugars with three to seven carbon atoms
•Glucose and deoxyribose are examples of common monosaccharides
Disaccharides
are formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis
•Disaccharides can be broken down by hydrolysis
Polysaccharides
consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis
•Starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are polymers of glucose that differ in their bonding and function
Lipids
Primary components of cell membranes
•Consist of C, H, and O
•Are nonpolar and insoluble in water
Simple Lipids
Fats or triglycerides
•Contain glycerol and fatty acids; formed by dehydration synthesis
Saturated fat: no double bonds in the fatty acids
•Unsaturated fat: one or more double bonds in the fatty acids
•Cis: H atoms on the same side of the double bond
•Trans: H atoms on opposite sides of the double bond
Complex Lipids
Contain C, H, and O + P, N, and/or S
•Cell membranes are made of complex lipids called phospholipids
•Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
•Phospholipids have polar as well as nonpolar regions
Steroids
Four carbon rings with an –OH group attached to one ring
•Part of membranes that keep the membranes fluid
Proteins
Made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
•Essential in cell structure and function
•Enzymes that speed chemical reactions
•Transporter proteins that move chemicals across membranes
•Flagella that aid in movement
•Some bacterial toxins and cell structures
Amino Acids
Proteins consist of subunits called amino acids
•Amino acids contain an alpha-carbon that has an attached:
•Carboxyl group (–COOH)
•Amino group (–NH2)
•Side group
Peptide bonds
between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis
polypeptide chain
The primary structure of Proteins
Secondary protein structure
occurs when the amino acid chain folds and coils in a helix or pleated sheet
tertiary structure
occurs when the helix or sheet folds irregularly, forming disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain
3D
Taxonomy
The science of naming and classifying organisms
Base
A molecule that can dissociate to a OH- ion and cation
Ex) NaOH
Salt
Cation or anion neither which is H+ or OH-
Cation and Anion
Cation is positively charged
Anion is negatively charged
Ribosomes
Site where polypeptides are assembled
:Made of macromolecule: rRNA and protein
Plasma Membrane
Regulates movement of materials in and out of cell
:Made of macromolecule: phospholipid
Flagella
Filaments used for bacterial motility (get around)
:Made of macromolecule: protein
Cell wall
Gives cell it’s shape, prevents osmotic lysis (cell bursting)
:Made of macromolecule: peptidoglycan
Glycocalyx
Protects cell from phagocytosis (ingestion of bacteria) and environmental destruction
Bacterial Chromosome
Contains most of genetic material for bacterium
:Made of macromolecule: DNA
Plasmid
Contains antibiotic resistance genes
Endospore
Dormant structure used to weather poor environmental conditions
Fimbriae
Filaments that helps pathogen to attach to host
Pilus
Structure used to transfer plasmids from one bacterial cell to another
Peritrichous
A bacterium that has many flagella over the surface of its cell
Interior to plasma membrane
Are: plasmids, cytoplasm, ribosomes
Not: bacterial capsule
Structure only found in prokaryotic cells?
Endospores
Functions of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cell
Photosynthesis, regulation of materials leaving and entering cell, respiration (synthesis of ATP)
