Micro Bacterio And Viro Flashcards
Smallest microorganism about less .3 nano
Virus
Multupluy by binary fission and intercellular and extra cellular infection
Bacteria
Describe paracytes and fungi
Viruses are totally dependent on cells for replication
True
Portal of entry
6
Sources of infection
1 endogenous ( normal body flora be toxic for 3 reasons )
2 exogenous
Sites of n body flora
Vagina and oropharynics and skin and colon
Don’t exist in spleen . CNS.blood. Lower bronchi.alveoli.liver.bladder. Kidney
Where do Candida exist
Nasopharynx
Virgina
Upper bowl
Welfare of microbes
6 points
Importance of bacteria
Biotechnology ( vit. Enzymes. Insulin …
Recycle vital elements in nature
Sewage treatment and water recycle ( bioremediation)
Microorganisms can be pro or euk
True
Pro. Bacteria and blue green algae
Euk. Simple algae and fungi and Proto zoa
Virus is neither
Virus can only replicate in
Living cells
Bacteria features ( ribosome , size )
70s
2micron
Components of bacteria
4 essential and 6 accessories
Plasma membrane features3 ; components 4; functions 4
What does cytoplasm contains?
Ribosome
Nucloid
Proteins and nucleotide proteins complex
Cytoskeletal structures ( filimant system)
Importance of cytoskeletal elements
Cell shape
Division
Spores formation
Antibiotics targeting
Describe DNA and ribosome in bacteria
Single chromosome double stranded circular and no nuclear membrane
Plasmid extra
70 s ( 50 + 20)
80 s eukaryotic
What are inclusion bodies or granules and what are their function
Features of cell wall 4 and its importance 3
Loss of cell wall leads to death by
Components of it 2
Gram positive and negaaatie
Differ from gram positive and negative
Bacteria that has Lipo polysaccharide and proteins
Gram negative
G positive bacteria has large amount of ?
Teichoic acid and lipo teichoic acid
Piptidoglycans and lipo in plasma memb
Lps is known as
Endotoxin and responsible for endotoxin or toxic shock
Lipid A then core antigen (polysaccharide) then o specific polysaccharide
Advantages of outer membrane
2 points
Describe the structure of piptidoglycan
What do we need in culturing. Bacteria
Petri dish
Bunsen burner
Inoculating loop
What stains we use in culturing and how gram + and - appears
4
+ violet or blue
- pink
Some bacteria are classified as gram positive bur stain very poorly what are they and why and ex of bacteria cant be stain
Because of lipid complex like mycobacteria(60%) and corynebacteria so we use acid fast stain ( Ziegler Nielsen stain)
Rickettsial and chalamediae
What is bacterial capsule and its importance
3 impo
Polysaccharide similar to capsule but secreted extra cellular . Function
Free slime or glycocalyx
Allows adherence to other structures
Difference between flagella and fimbriae and function of each
What is sex pilli or F pili
What are spores and which bacteria make them
G positive
What is the stimulus. For sporulation by expression of genes
Starvation
Formation of spores and what circulate it
Protect it from desiccation and toxic agents and doesn’t include multiplication
Why spores are resistant
3 reasons rich in ca and dipcolonic acid
What is germination and what it needs
Reactivation of spores to give vegetable cells and needs water and nutrients
How we can kill spores and ex
Autoclaving by moist heat of 100 to 120 chords 10 to 20min
Bacillus ( aerobic )
Clostridium (anaerobic)
Plasmids features
Transmissible and non trans
Genes for. Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors (exotoxin)and genes for pili
What are tranposens or jumping genes and where they move
Bacterial dna plasmid and bactriophages
The benefit we get from that ribosomes of bacteria are small
We can target protein syntheses in bacteria by antibiotic
Nature of outer surface of microorganisms
Virus ( protein capsid and lipoprotein envelope )
Bacteria ( rigid wall with piptidoglycan)
Fungi( rigid with chitin)
Parasites ( flexible mambrane )
Proteinacious infectious particle and cause TSE
Prion whic is the disease causing form from prpc(cns )
Ex on tSE diseases and what is the disease caused by medical examination or treatment
1 BSE in cattle
2 CjD in humans
Iatrogenic rout
Bacterial survival needs 2 things
Growth
Replication
What are growth stages
Metabolism
Regulation
Division
Fast. Growing bacteria vs slow growing bacteria
What is growth of bacteria and why do we use it
Increase in number and size ( biomass)
Detection and identification and to see effects of antibiotics
What are the method that we use in labs to grow bacteria
1 biofilm formation( thinly 300 to 400 Mm over an inert surface)
2 transformation of clear broth medium into a turbid suspension of 107 to 109 cell per ml)
3 colonies ( 20 - 30 ) cell division of a single cell
What is biofilm and where it aggregate
Inner surfaces of implanted devices like catheters and prosthetic and heart valves and intrauterine devices
It produces gooey material called EPS ( dna and proteins and sugared )
Bacteria needs a tissue like medium to grow(2)
Need animal infection
1( chlamediae and ricckitisea )
2 ( treponema pallium and mycobacterium leprae )
Need more nutrients (. Fastidious bacteria
What are the factors that affect growth of bacteria
Nutrients ( nitrogen and sulfur and carbon and minerals and growth factors and phosphorous )
Ph/ temp/salt conc/aeration
classification of culture media is based on ingredients
Simple media( n.agar and n.broth ) peptone / NaCL/ meat extract ( if we add 2% agar)
Special media
Enriched
Selective
Deferential
Transport
Anaerobic
Medium used for bacteria that is exacting in its needs
Enriched medium like blood agar and chocolate agar
What is the difference between blood agar and chocolate agar
The media that we use inhibitory substances in it and what are they
Selective.
Antibiotics
Alteration of ph
Chemicals
Dyes
Talk about Thayer martin media
Selective ( specific for Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
4 antibiotics
1 vancomycin(kill g +)
2 coloistin(kill g- except neisseria)
2nystatin(kill fungi)
4 trymethprim(kill g- like proteus)
Eosin methylene blue and campylobacter agar and Löwenstein-Jensen Jensen
1 ( specific for g - ) dye methylene bluee kills g +
2 for campylobacter jejuni from rectal or fecal swap ( charcoal/ cefoperazone/amphotericin b)
3 for mycobacterium tuberculosis ( penicillin / nalidixic acids / malachite )
What are deferential media
1 meckoncky (lactose fermenter and non)
2 CLeD( ki;; proteus/ cultivation of pathogen from a rune sample like E. coli and serratia)
3TCBS(v cholera and v paraheamolyticus
4 xLD( recovery of salmonella and shigella)
Ex on transport and anaerobic media
Trans( Stewart’s media and buffered glycerol saline)
A( Robertsons cooked meat and thioglycolate Broth
What are phases of bacterial growth
Lag
Log or exponential
Stationary
Death
How bacteria make ATP
3 mechanisms
What are the pathways bacteria use to generate energy
Glycolysis( see name)
Penrose phosphate pathway
Entendres dodorof
Deference between fermentation and respiration
What is the final electron acceptor in the 2 types of respiration
What are the requirements for bacterial growth
Nutrients
Environmental factors (o2)
Energy
Nutritional requirement of bacteria ( 3 groups)
Structural components ( p/c/o/h/n/s)
Cell function( mg/ca/k/fe)
Obtained from degradation of large molecules
Synthesized by bacteria( folic acid ) inhibited bu slfonomide and trimethoprim antibiotics
Organic factors and vitamins
O. F ( amino acids from proteins and DNA)
For coenzymes
Phototroph vs chemotroph
Organotroph vs lithotroph
The most important taxonomic group is
Species
What is Adansonian classification
Why do we use microscope in classification of bacterial diseases
1 bacterial motility( hanging drop)
2 morphology and staining rxn( simple / gram stain / zehil Nelson stain for fast acid bacilli
Tentative id is based on () and definitive id () after bacterial culturing
Colony shape and straining
After biochemical and serological tests
Types of culture media
1 liquid ( broth ) 3 points
2 solid ( hemolysis / pigment production /colony shape
B hemolysis
A
G
And ex on exopigment and endopigment
What are colony characteristic that can be seen with naked eye and what difference between colony ( forms/margin/elevation )
Shape
Pigment
Growing pattern
Texture
The most resistant organism to factors
Prion ( 121 c)
Most commen method in sterilization
Dry heat ( by destroying their oxidative processes)
1 red heat ( knives and blades and loops)
2 flaming ( surface of a slide and for mouth of culture tube)
1 inceniraator ( metal compartment used for hospital waste and for burning objects can’t be clean)
2 hot air oven ( 160 c to 170 c for 1 or 2 hours / for metals and glassware)
In Oder to steam to make a good sterilization it must be
Dry
Saturated
Used to kill microbes in milk
Media contain proteins
Glassware and forceps and scalpels
Media with sugar or gelatin
Most efficient and reliable in hospital
Pasteurization
Inspissation
Boiling
Tyndallisation
Autoclaving
Double walled chamber and the air is replaced by pure saturated steam at pressure
Equipments under 121 c for 15 to 20 min depending on load and contents
Autoclave
Sterilize prepacked disposable plastic items (. Syringes and catheters and gloves)
Through heating 180 c( glassware and syringes)
Gamma
Infra red
For specific solution that are destroyed by heat
Filtration
Denatures protein and dna by cross linking functional groups
For heat sensitive instruments like surgical instruments and plastics and endoscopes and anesthetic apparatus.
Highly inflammable
Explosive gas
Ethylene oxide
Powerful disinfectants and antisepsis
Alcohol
